Skin & Immune System

Question 1

B Cells

Answer 1

Identify foreign pathogens, present antigen & produce antibodies

Question 2

T Cells

Answer 2

Mediate a number of immune responses, including those against viruses, bacteria, & parasites
- Cell-mediated immunity

Question 3

Dendritic cells

Answer 3

Identify foreign pathogens, present antigen & activate other immune cells

Question 4

Macrophages

Answer 4

Degrade pathogens & dead body cells via phagocytosis

Question 5

Basophils

Answer 5

Release chemical mediators such as histamine that enhance an immune response

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

Kill & phagocytize bacterial cells

Question 7

Eosinophils

Answer 7

Defend against parasitic infections & modulate immune responses during allergic reactions

Question 8

Natural killer cells

Answer 8

Release toxins to destroy virus-infected body cells

Question 9

Desmosomes

Answer 9

Provide tensile strength to epithelial cells sheets by anchoring the cytoskeletons, specifically the intermediate filaments, of two cells together; this creates a continuous cytoskeletal network, one which mechanical stress can be distributed

Question 10

Gap junctions

Answer 10

Cell-cell junctions that mediate communication between cells; found in cell populations that depend on coordinated activity. Such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or neural tissues

Question 11

Tight junctions

Answer 11

Cell-cell junctions that prevent water and solutes from diffusing between cells and across the epithelial cell layer; found in skin, gastrointestinal tract, and testis

Question 12

Short-term stress response

Answer 12

• Adrenal medulla secretes amino acid-based hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
• Release of stress, increased heart rate, increased BP, increased metabolic rate, dilation of bronchioles, fluctuations in blood flow decrease digestive activities & urine output, glycogenolysis results in glucose release into the bloodstream

Question 13

Thermoregulation

Answer 13

Vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) and perspiration (secretion by sweat glands), then a decrease in body temperature, homeostasis (normal), increase in body temp (detected by hypothalamus), back to vasodiliation

Question 14

Skin layers

Answer 14

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- Most superficial layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (causes impermeability of water)
- Stratum lucidum (only present in the thick skin of the palms and foot soles), stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Question 15

Muscarinic acetylcholine

Answer 15

Not significant at neuromuscular junction - these are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Question 16

Agonist vs inhibitor in dementia

Answer 16

Agonist will act to improve dementia and stimulate the PNS, while the inhibitor will act to improve dementia and Ach activity throughout the body

Question 17

Micelles

Answer 17

Have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic exterior to assist the absorption of fat
- They assist in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them so they can be absorbed form the sm. intestine

Question 18

Vaccines

Answer 18

Cause the immune cells responsible for the production of antibodies - that is B lymphocytes - to proliferate and form memory B cells

Question 19

Passive immunity

Answer 19

Caused by administration or consumption of exogenous antibodies

Question 20

Sequence of events from the transition from healthy skin to scar tissue in herpes zoster?

Answer 20

Fluid accumulation between layers of the epidermis, tissue dehydration, epithelial growth and collagen infiltration

Question 21

Adaptive immunity

Answer 21

T and B cells belong to adaptive immune systems; T cells regulate cell-mediated responses and B cells regulate humoral responses