Circulation & Respiration

Question 1

Stenosis

Answer 1

An abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel, a condition that mimics the physiological effect of vasoconstriction; afferent ateriole stenosis would limit the amount of blood flow through the glomerulus, causing decreased GFR

Question 2

Vasodilation

Answer 2

Increase blood flow to the intestines following a meal

Question 3

Increased alveolar gas exchange increases blood pH

Answer 3

Increased alveolar gas exchange reduces blood [CO2], shifting equilibrium to the left and thereby reducing H+
- Due to bicarbonate equilibrium and Le Chantelier’s principle
- Increase in the volume of air reaching the alveoli and exchanging with the blood will increase blood pH by allowing more CO2 in the blood to enter the alveoli and be exhaled

Question 4

% Amplification

Answer 4

(Difference in pulmonary artery pressure (5) / mean pulmonary artery pressure in the lean group (26)) x 100 = %

Question 5

Cardiac output

Answer 5

CO = Mean arterial pressure (MAP) / Vascular resistance (VR)

Question 6

Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 6

Must always be positive

Question 7

In tension pneumothorax due to penetrating traumatic injury to the upper chest

Answer 7

Palv < Pip

Question 8

Which vessels would be expected to have the largest absolute change in pressure in mmHg in response to beta-blocker administration?

Answer 8

Arteries
BP decreases as such: arteries > arterioles > venules > veins

Question 9

A vaso-occlusive episode

Answer 9

Decreases blood flow through the affected vessel; if blood flow in the efferent arterioles decreased, the GFR would increase; if in the afferent arterioles, GFR would decrease

Question 10

Increase/decrease in GFR

Answer 10

Likely lead to an increase in urine output and a decrease in GFR would likely reduce urine output

Question 11

Highest velocity of blood in an artery?

Answer 11

In anytime of blockage (between the walls of block)

Question 12

In order to be transported from the skin to the liver via the bloodstream, vitamin D3 must:

Answer 12

Travel through the circulatory system attached to a vitamin D-binding protein

Question 13

Respiratory cilia

Answer 13

Responsible for moving mucous and trapped particles from the lungs and upper respiratory tract to the pharynx for disposal by swallowing
- Also protect against infection by removing bacteria and viruses

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

Do not have cilia and COPD cannot cause damage to the alveoli

Question 15

In capillaries that are not participating in angiogenesis, what will most likely occur?

Answer 15

Gas exchange, endothelial turnover, low pressure flow

Question 16

In capillaries that are not participating in angiogenesis, what will most likely occur?

Answer 16

Gas exchange, endothelial turnover, low pressure flow

Question 17

Poiseuille flow

Answer 17

Q = ΔP(pi)r^4 / 8 µL
If radius is halved, then the flow rate will drop by a factor of 16

Question 18

Observations in a patient with reduced intravascular volume status

Answer 18

Dry mucous membranes, decreased urine volume, and vasoconstriction

Question 19

Erythrocytes

Answer 19

Have a plasma membrane, lack a nucleus, lack most organelles, and are shaped like a flat disc with a concave center

Question 20

Contraction of the diaphragm results in

Answer 20

Decreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation

Question 21

pH of blood

Answer 21

is higher than the pKa of organic acids, allowing them to fully dissociate