Enzymatic Function

Question 1

Allosteric effectors

Answer 1

Bind to proteins at one site and cause a change in the shape (conformational) of the protein at another site, thereby altering its ability to function

Question 2

Beta blockers bind to:

Answer 2

Active sites on adrenergic beta-receptors
Beta blockers are also competitive antagonists, meaning they act at active sites

Question 3

Michaelis-Menten

Answer 3

Saturation curve with one line, depicting different concentrations

Question 4

Inhibitors

Answer 4

Slow down the rate of inter conversion, enzymes do not change the equilibrium of a reaction

Question 5

Proteases

Answer 5

Has proteolytic function, cleaves other proteins

Question 6

Transferases

Answer 6

Move functional groups from one molecule to another

Question 7

Hydrogenases

Answer 7

Convert molecular hydrogen to protons and electrons via heterolytic splitting

Question 8

Isomerases

Answer 8

Catalyze reactions that rearrange connections within the molecule it acts on

Question 9

What part of a cell contribute to plaque formation

Answer 9

Extracellular space

Question 10

Increasing concentration (Michaelis Menten)

Answer 10

Increasing the concentration above that at which Vmax has been attained, then Vmax would be not affected

Question 11

Relationship between IC50 and Ca2+

Answer 11

The lower the IC50, the higher the affinity for Ca2+ ions

Question 12

If you add an inhibitor to a reaction coordinate diagram:

Answer 12

The activation energy would increase

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Responsible for the breakdown of certain tagged proteins within the cell, as well as for endocytic vesicles and bacterial components
- Contain digestive enzymes and are maintained at a pH that differs from the cell (site of protein degradation)

Question 14

Golgi apparatus

Answer 14

Participates in protein maturation and modification
Since the material must be released into the blood or secreted into the urine, packing in the Golgi is likely

Question 15

When measuring blood from to and from kidney, some proteins are excreted; however not found in urine?

Answer 15

Organelles that would be responsible are the lysosomes and Golgi apparatus

Question 16

Growth hormone

Answer 16

Acts systemically to increase protein synthesis and generalized cell functions

Question 17

Cortisol

Answer 17

Modulator of carbohydrate metabolism

Question 18

TSH

Answer 18

Promotes the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

Question 19

Aldosterone

Answer 19

Conserves sodium and water at the expense of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing fluid reabsorption and increasing blood volume and pressure

Question 20

Floppases

Answer 20

Cells use these to move lipids between leaflets, because there is a high entropy cost to moving them from one side of the membrane to the other

Question 21

G proteins

Answer 21

Found in cell membranes, but they activate second messenger systems

Question 22

Vesicles

Answer 22

Transport molecules to the membrane, but they do not transfer lipids between leaflets

Question 23

Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate, a TCA cycle intermediate. Which AA would be the product?

Answer 23

Glutamic acid
- Aspartic acid is a reactant, not a product, in this reaction
- Reaction is down to form glutamate and OAA

Question 24

In an enzyme-catalyzed rxn where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrates?

Answer 24

V0