skin and temperature regulation

Question 1

wht is the core body temp?

Answer 1

37 ± 0.5°C

Question 2

what is the temperature in which proteins start to denature?

Answer 2

41°C

Question 3

what is the temperature in which people lose consciousness ?

Answer 3

Below 30°C

Question 4

how is thermal balance maintained?

Answer 4

evaporation
radiation
heat production
conduction
convection

Question 5

how is body temperature detected?

Answer 5

“Cold” receptors and “warm receptors

Peripheral thermoreceptors
located in the skin, especially in face, scrotum

Central thermoreceptors
located in spinal cord, abdominal organs, hypothalamus

Question 6

heat is generated within the body is increased by

Answer 6

General metabolism
Voluntary muscular activity
Shivering thermogenesis
Nonshivering thermogsignificant enesis

Question 7

heat loss from the body is reduced by

Answer 7

Vasomotor control
sympathetic arteriolar constriction reduces delivery of blood to the skin

Behavioural responses
reducing surface area, adding clothing, moving to warmer environment

Question 8

at what temperature is hypothermia?

Answer 8

below 35

Question 9

who is at risk to hypothermia?

Answer 9

neonates
big SA:volume, not much fat, don’t shiver well, but do have BAT

elderly
do not detect temp change so well, less shivering capacity, more immobile

vagrants

cold store workers

outdoor pursuits

North Sea workers

Question 10

what is the treatment for hypothermia?

Answer 10

dry/insulate to prevent further heat loss
slow re-warming with bag/blankets
internal re-warming with hot drinks and/or warm air
fast re-warming by immersion in water, extracorporeal circulation

Question 11

what happens to the body when you get frost bite?

Answer 11

vasoconstriction
increase in viscosity
promotes thrombosis
causes anoxia

ice crystals form in extracellular space
increases extracellular osmolality
causes movement of water from intracellular space
cell dehydration and death

Question 12

heat production is minimised by

Answer 12

Decreased physical activity

Decreased food intake

Question 13

heat loss from the body is increased by

Answer 13

Vasomotor control-arteriolar dilation increases delivery of blood to the skin

Sweating
sympathetic cholinergic fibres increase evaporative heat loss

Behavioural responses
increasing surface area, removing clothing, moving to shaded area

Question 14

what is the result of heat exhaustion?

Answer 14

results in vasodilation and drop in central blood volume

Question 15

whats the cause of heat disturbance?

Answer 15

caused by a disturbance of the body’s fluid/salt balance due to excessive sweating

Question 16

what are the symptoms of heat stress?

Answer 16

include headache, confusion, nausea, profuse sweating, clammy skin, tachycardia, hypotension, weak pulse, fainting & collapse

Question 17

at what temperature is heat stroke

Answer 17

above 40

Question 18

whats the treatment for heat stress?

Answer 18

move to cool environment 
remove clothing
fan
sponge with tepid water
give fluids (oral, intravenous)

Question 19

what is fever caused by?

Answer 19

endogenous pyrogens (IL-1, IL-6)

Question 20

why does our body get fevers?

Answer 20

Part of the body’s mechanism for fighting infection