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Year 2 Semester 2 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Under what circumstance should you not administer ear drops?

A

If the tympanic membrane is ruptured

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2
Q

Name the 3 main systemic treatments used to treat skin disease

A

Antibiotics/antifungals
Anti-parasitics
Anti-inflammatories

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3
Q

Sulphur is often combined with what when used as an anti-seborrheic agent?

A

Salicylic acid

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4
Q

Why should tar not be used on cats?

A

Toxic to cats!!!

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5
Q

Benzoyl peroxide is metabolised to what?

Where does this take place?

A

Benzoic acid and oxygen free radicals

Metabolised in epidermis

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6
Q

What are the active ingredients in Hibiscrub and Malaseb shampoo?

A

Hibiscrub: Chlorhexidine
Malaseb: Chlorhexidine and Miconazole

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7
Q

What is ethyl lactate metabolised to?

Where does this happen?

A

Ethanol and lactic acid by bacterial lipases

In hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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8
Q

What is the function of emolients?

A

Act as a vehicle for other agents
Softens/protects the skin
Forms a thin film of oil on stratum corneum
Decreases water loss

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9
Q

Give some examples of moisturisers

A

Urea, essential fatty acids, propylene glycol, glycerin, colloidal oatmeal

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of anti-pruritic agents

A

Hydrocortisone, anti-histamines, aloe vera

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11
Q

Give some causes of Otitis externa

A

Malassezia pachyderma
Dermatophytes
Candida
Mites eg otodectes cynotis

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12
Q

What are autocoids?

A

Chemicals that act like local hormones. They are short-lived and rapidly degraded.

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13
Q

What are the 3 classes of autocoids?

A

Biogenic amines
Lipid-derived
Polypeptides

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14
Q

Where is histamine stored?

A

Mast cells and basophil granules in lungs, skin and mucosal layer of stomach

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15
Q

What effect does histamine have on the cardiovascular system?

A

Dilates arterioles, increases heart contractility and heart rate

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16
Q

What is the difference between a 1st and 2nd generation H1 antihistamine antagonist?

A

1st generation is not ionised at physiological pH and thus can cross the blood brain barrier
2nd generation is ionised at physiological pH so can’t cross the blood brain barrier

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17
Q

Give some effects of histamine

A 
Vasodilation (H1)
Increased vascular permeability (H1)
Increased gastric secretion (H2)
Contraction of most smooth muscle except blood vessels (H1)
Cardiac stimulation (H2)
18
Q

What are H2 antihistamines used in the treatment of?

A

Gastritis, reflux, gastric abomasal ulcers

19
Q

Give an example of an inhibitor of histamine release

How does it work?

A

Sodium chromoglycate

Inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells by opening up chloride channels and hyper-polarising them

20
Q

How many types of serotonin receptor are there?

A

14

21
Q

Where is serotonin found?

A

Platelets, enterochromaffin cells, CNS, and myenteric plexus (provide motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer)

22
Q

What are the functions of serotonin?

A 
Regulate gut motility
Regulate body temperature 
Regulate sleep
Enhance mood 
Contraction of smooth muscle (GI, uterus, bronchi)
23
Q

What is cisapride used for?

A

Is a GI prokinetic agent

To treat feline idiopathic megacolon and GI stasis in rabbits and herbivorous rodents

24
Q

In which animals in ketanserin (serotonin agonist) used?

A

Horses

25
Q

Which 2 hormones cause pyrexia?

A

IL-1, PGE2

26
Q

Which 3 hormones cause chemotaxis?

A

PAF(platelet-activating factor), LTB4, (involved in inflammation), 12-HETE (regulates cell behaviour)

27
Q

Prostanoids is a general term for what?

A

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes

28
Q

What is the function of PGF2a?

A

Acts on FP receptors in uterine and other smooth muscles, and corpus luteum, producing contraction of uterus and luteolysis

29
Q

What is the function of PGE2?

A

Acts on EP receptors.

Inflammatory response, fever, pain

30
Q

What is the function of TXA?

A

Acts on TP to cause vasoconstriction and encourages platelet aggregation to prevent blood loss

31
Q

What is the function of PGI2?

A

Acts on IP to cause vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation

32
Q

Circulating prostaglandins are rapidly catabolised by enzymes in which organs?

A

Lung, kidney, spleen, adipose tissue, and intestine

33
Q

Why should care be taken when administering PGF2-alpha?

A

Readily absorbed through skin so wear gloves

Risk to asthmatics (causes bronchoconstriction) and pregnant women

34
Q

What are 2 adverse effects of PGF2-alpha?

A

Bronchoconstriction and increased GI motility

35
Q

How do PGE analogues help protect against gastric ulceration?

A

Directly inhibit gastric acid secretion

Facilitate PGE-mediated mucosal defence

36
Q

What is the difference between constitutive and regulated secretion?

A 
Constitutive= continuous, regardless of environmental factors
Regulated= only secreted in response to a specific signal
37
Q

What is the difference between B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors?

A

B1=induced in inflammation

B2=constitutive

38
Q

What are the functions of bradykinin?

A 
Increase vascular permeability
Vasodilation
Stimulation of pain nerve endings
Fluid secretion in GI tract and airways
Contraction of intestinal and uterine smooth muscle
39
Q

What are the 4 main classes of cytokines?

A

Chemokines
Interferons
Interleukins
Colony stimulating factors

40
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Soluble protein or polypeptide released from a cell

41
Q

Give and explain some clinical signs associated with a disturbance of skin homeostasis

A

Pruritis
Scaling due to epidermal hyperplasia (increased keratinocytes)
Greasiness due to increased sebum secretion
Odour due to microbial proliferation (decreased resistance to microbes)

Year 2 Semester 2 (16 decks)

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