Pelvis Dissection

Question 1

What is the best way of achieving a sterile urine sample?

Answer 1

Cystocentesis (small needle inserted directly into bladder through body wall)

Question 2

Where are the resistance points when inserting a catheter into the penis in the dog?

Answer 2

Just before catheter reaches bulbus glandis (caused by curve of os penis)
Hair-pin loop

Question 3

What are the methods of obtaining urine in a dog?

Answer 3

Catching free-flowing urine
Cystocentesis
Catheterisation
Manual expression of bladder

Question 4

Why is it important to insert the catheter the correct length to enter the bladder?

Answer 4

Too short: urine leakage

Too long: kinking, trauma to bladder, can turn on itself and become blocked, or tie itself into a knot

Question 5

How long should the length of a catheter be in a dog?

Answer 5

Male: 2x length of penile orifice to body wall
Female: 2x length of urethral orifice to body wall (inserted through ventral opening in vagina)

Question 6

When performing cystocentesis, where would you insert the needle?

Answer 6

1.5” needle, insert it ventral midline just cranial to pubis

Question 7

When performing a castration, why do we incise through the midline skin as opposed to scrotal skin?

Answer 7

Scrotal skin doesn’t heal well (due to presence of glands?)

Question 8

When performing an open castration, which ligament is manually broken?
What about in a closed castration?

Answer 8

Open= Ligament of tail of epididymis  
Closed= Scrotal ligament

Question 9

Which layers comprise the vaginal sac?

Answer 9

Parietal peritoneum, internal spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia

Question 10

What is the vaginal tunic?

Answer 10

Parietal peritoneum

Question 11

Describe a closed castration

Answer 11

The layers which are incised are skin, tunica dartos and external spermatic fascia. The fascial connections to the scrotal sac are manually broken down, including the scrotal ligament. The vaginal sac is not entered. Testicular vessels are ligated using a circumferential, transfixion ligature through the cremaster muscle.

Question 12

Describe an open castration

Answer 12

The layers which are incised are skin, tunica dartos, spermatic fascia (external, cremasteric fascia, internal spermatic fascia), vaginal tunic (parietal peritoneum). The ligament of the tail of the epididymis is manually broken. Testicular vessels and ductus deferens are ligated.

Question 13

Which are the testicular vessels that are ligated during an open castration?

Answer 13

Testicular artery, veins of the pampiniform plexus

Question 14

Which structures comprise the spermatic cord?

Answer 14

Ductus deferens
Cremaster muscle
Testicular artery and vein

Question 15

The cremasteric muscle is a sliver of which muscle?

Answer 15

Internal oblique

Question 16

In which muscle is the superficial inguinal ring situated?

What about the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 16

Superficial: External oblique
Deep: Internal oblique

Question 17

Why is a closed castration recommended in rabbits?

Answer 17

Superficial inguinal ring is superimposed over deep inguinal ring (so testis can go up into inguinal canal). Closed castrations prevent herniation of abdominal contents.
Same in pigs.

Question 18

Where are crura derived from?

Answer 18

Ischium of pelvis

Question 19

Why do dogs possess an os penis?

What is located in the ventral groove of os penis?

Answer 19

Dogs only achieve full erection after penetration of female

Urethra

Question 20

Which blood vessels supply the prepuce of the penis?

What do they supply in the female?

Answer 20

Superficial caudal epigastric artery

Supply caudal mammary glands in female (along with cranial epigastric artery)

Question 21

The bulbus glandis and pars glandis are comprised of which erectile tissue?

Answer 21

Corpus spongiosum

Question 22

The round ligament of the bladder is a remnant of what?

Where does it attach the bladder?

Answer 22

Uracus

Attaches bladder to ventral abdominal wall (often broken during surgery as quite delicate)

Question 23

The left and right lateral ligaments of the bladder are remnants of what?
Where do they attach the bladder?

Answer 23

Umbilical arteries

Attach bladder to lateral pelvic wall

Question 24

Where are the anal glands located in the rectum?

Answer 24

4 and 8 o clock

Question 25

Why do we catheterise?

Answer 25

Urinalysis
Check for stones
Culture and sensitivity
To get a urine sample

Question 26

What are the 3 net effects of increased sympathetic nervous activity on the kidneys?

Answer 26

Reduced renal blood flow
Small decrease in excreted waste
Increased conservation of water and sodium