Hindlimb

Question 1

Which muscles originate partly or wholly from the sacrotuberous ligament?

Answer 1

Superficial gluteal, biceps femoris, piriformis and tenuissimus

Question 2

The acetabular lip continues across the acetabular notch as what?

Answer 2

Transverse acetabular ligament

Question 3

Where does the ligament of the head of the femur run?

Answer 3

From the fovea of the femur to the acetabular fossa

Question 4

What is the largest joint capsule in the body?

Answer 4

Stifle joint

Question 5

The patellar ligament is continuous with what?

Answer 5

Tendon of insertion of quadriceps (vastus lateralis head)

Question 6

Where does the cranial cruciate ligament run?

Answer 6

From medial part of lateral condyle of femur, to intercondylar fossa on cranial tibia

Question 7

Where does the caudal cruciate ligament run?

Answer 7

From the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle to the lateral edge of the popliteal notch of the tibia

Question 8

In which species is the sacrotuberous ligament absent?

Answer 8

Cat

Question 9

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?

Answer 9

From the caudal dorsal sacrum and first coccygeal vertebrae to the ischiatic tuberosity

Question 10

In which animal is the sacrotuberous ligament absent?

Answer 10

Cat

Question 11

What are the 2 ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 11

Transverse acetabular ligament

Ligament of head of femur

Question 12

What is the purpose of the acetabular lip?

Answer 12

Further deepens the acetabulum

Question 13

Stifle joint fabellae are absent in which animals?

Answer 13

Ox and horse

Question 14

Of the 2 cruciate ligaments, which is more likely to rupture? Why?

Answer 14

Cranial cruciate is more likely to rupture.

The caudal one is thicker and longer, making it less susceptible to damage

Question 15

What is cranial cruciate rupture usually caused by?

How can you tell it is ruptured?

Answer 15

Hyperflexion of the joint.

Cranial draw of the tibia with respect to the femur

Question 16

Where does the medial collateral ligament run?

What about the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 16

Medial: from the medial epicondyle of femur to the medial tibia
Lateral: from the lateral epicondyle of femur to the head of the fibula

Question 17

Which spinal nerves supply the hindlimb?

Answer 17

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

Question 18

What are the 6 major nerves that supply the hindlimb?

Answer 18

Gluteal (extends hip, abducts limb)
Obturator (adducts limb)
Femoral (extends stifle)
Sciatic (flexes and extends stifle, extends hip)
Tibial (flexes digits, extends tarsus, rotates stifle)
Fibular/peroneal (flexes tarsus, extends digits)

Question 19

Give the path of the blood supply to the hindlimb

Answer 19

External iliac (leaves aorta to become...)
Femoral artery (gives off saphenous artery-superficial supply to paw; becomes...)
Popliteal artery (becomes...)
Cranial tibial artery (provides deep supply to paw)

Question 20

Which veins provide venous drainage to the hindlimb?

What do these drain into?

Answer 20

Medial and lateral saphenous veins

Drain into the femoral vein

Question 21

What are the 2 differences in the wings of iliums of dogs and pigs, versus horses and ruminants?

Answer 21

Dogs and pigs: vertical orientation, flat or convex cranial margin
Horses and ruminants: horizontal orientation, concave cranial margin

Question 22

How many fused sacral vertebrae make up the sacrum in:
Horse/cow/goat
Pig/sheep
Dog

Answer 22

Horse/cow/goat=5
Pig/sheep=4
Dog=3

Question 23

Describe the path of the obturator nerve

Answer 23

Passes through obturator foramen of pelvis to medial thigh
Innervates adductor (GAPE) muscles

Question 24

In the femur of a cow, which trochlear ridge is larger-medial or lateral?

Answer 24

Medial

Question 25

How many patellar ligaments does a cow have?

Answer 25

3

Question 26

How many fabellae and popliteal sesamoids does a cow have?

Answer 26

None

Question 27

What is the main bio-mechanical function of the menisci of the stifle joint?
What are its other functions?

Answer 27

Split the joint into 2 functional units- the femoromeniscal joint for flexion and extension movements, and the meniscotibial joint for rotation
Stabilise joint, cushioning, proprioception (contain nerve endings)

Question 28

How is a cow able to kick laterally?

Answer 28

Rotation is possible at the proximal intertarsal joint

Question 29

Pectineus (looks like a little ball) is located between which 2 muscles?

Answer 29

Adductor caudally and vastus medialis cranially