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Tissues of the body > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

0
Q

Name a disease manifestation of each of the macroscopic features of the skin and how the variations can effect manifestations

A
  • Colour-> Vitiligo-> autoimmune depigmentation-> bigger psychosocial effect in dark-skinned races
  • Hair-> Alopecia areata-> autoimmune hair loss-> bigger psychosocial effect depending on site, particularly in women
  • UV abnormalities-> increases skin ageing in whites. Increases risk of skin cancer in whites
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1
Q

What are the macroscopic features of skin and how do they vary?

A
  • Colour-> Ethnicity, Site, UV
  • Hair-> site, age, sex
  • Laxity/wrinkling ->age, site, UV
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2
Q

What are the two microscopic structures of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis

- Dermis

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3
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

-Avascular

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis in order from apical to basolateral?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
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5
Q

Name the cells and their features in the stratum corneum

A
  • Keratinised stratified corneocytes
  • No nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles
  • No plasma membrane as the cells are interlocked with each other
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6
Q

Where is the stratum granulosum?

A

-Directly below the stratum corneum

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7
Q

How do the cells in the stratum granulosum differ from those in the stratum corneum?

A
  • Known as keratinocytes
  • Keratinised stratified squamous
  • Retain the nucleus
  • Cells loose pm here and begin differentiating into corneocytes
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8
Q

Where is stratum spinosum?

A

-Below stratum granulosum, just above the protrusions into the dermis

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9
Q

How do the cells in the stratum spinosum differ from those in the stratum granulosum?

A
  • Cells are less squamous in shape
  • Not as deeply stained as they contain less keratin
  • Cells are joined by intercellular junctions called desmosomes
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10
Q

Where is the stratum basale?

A

-Base of the epidermis (protrudes into dermis)

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11
Q

Are the cells in the stratum basale keratinised?

A

-Yes but only with a few keratin filaments

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12
Q

Where does mitotic division occur in the epidermis?

A

-Stratum basale

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13
Q

When do keratinocytes loose their ability to divide?

A

-As they enter the stratum spinosum

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14
Q

Where are keratohyalin granules found and what is there function?

A
  • Stratum granulosum

- Contain aggregations of keratins, fibrous proteins and enzymes do degrade the pm and cross-link keratins

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15
Q

Name another two cell types, bar keratinocytes and corneocytes, found in the epidermis

A
  • Melanocytes

- Langerhan cells

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16
Q

Where specifically are langerhan cells found and what is their function?

A
  • Stratum spinosum

- Antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

Where specifically are melanocytes found?

A

-At intervals along the stratum basale

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18
Q

What do melanocytes produce and what happens to this substance?

A
  • Melanin

- Buds off and taken up into cells, then aggregates on/around the nucleus

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19
Q

What s particular about the epidermis of the palm/sole?

A
  • No hair follicles

- Thick corneum and spinosum

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20
Q

What is the dermo-epithelial junction?

A

-The point between the dermis and the epidermis

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21
Q

Does the epidermis have a basement membrane?

A

-Yes, it is just visible with H and E (better with PAS)

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22
Q

What clinical relevance does the dermo-epidermal junction have?

A

-Malignant melanomas which do not cross this junction are accosiated with good prognosis

23
Q

Is the dermis vascular or avascular?

A

-Vascular

24
Q

What structures does the dermis contain?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Glands
  • Muscles
  • Mast cells
25
Q

What functional relevance do mast cells being located near blood vessels have?

A

-Release of histamines increases vascular permeability leading to oedema

26
Q

What fibres does the dermis contain?

A
  • Collagen

- Elastic

27
Q

Where are the fibres located in the dermis?

A

-Scattered throughout in the ECM

28
Q

What are the two areas of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary

- Reticular

29
Q

What are the blood vessels like in the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary-> small

- Reticular-> large

30
Q

What lies directly below the dermis?

A

-Subcutaneous layer of fat lobules

31
Q

What are the four functions of the skin?

A
  • Protective barrier
  • Sensory
  • Thermoregulation
  • Psychosexual communication
32
Q

How does the skin act as a barrier?

A

-Prevents percutaneous absorption of exogenous substances

33
Q

What pharmological relevance does the barrier function of the skin have?

A

-barrier function must be overcome by percutaneous drugs

34
Q

How does the skin allow sensation?

A

-Has many nerve endings

35
Q

By what two mechanisms does the skin help thermoregulation?

A
  • Vascular-> dilation/contraction of blood vessels

- Eccine sweating-> evaporation of sweat aids cooling

36
Q

How does the skin allow psychosexual communication?

A

-Can be manipulated for expression and communication

37
Q

Name 4 skin appendages

A
  • Hair follicles
  • Nails
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
38
Q

What makes up a pilosebaceous unit?

A
  • Hair sheath/shaft
  • Sebaceous gland
  • Arrector pili muscle attached to hair sheath
39
Q

Where are pilosebaceous units located?

A

-Predominantly in the dermis with the hair shaft extending into the epidermis

40
Q

Where to, and what do sebaceous glands secrete into?

A
  • Sebum

- Into ducts which lead to hair follicles

41
Q

Where are sebaceous glands most abundant?

A

-Face

42
Q

How are sebaceous glands linked to acne?

A

-Sebaceous glands become blocked with sebum due to abnormal differentiation of sebaceous ducts, increased sebum production and infection with normally harmless bacteria

43
Q

What are the two types of sweat gland?

A
  • Eccrine

- Apocrine

44
Q

What is the mechanism of secretion of sweat glands?

A
  • Serous apocrine secretions in apocrine

- Serous merocrine secretions in eccrine

45
Q

Where are sweat glands located in the skin?

A

-Extend from the dermis to the epidermis

46
Q

What structure do sweat glands often have?

A

-Coiled

47
Q

What condition is characterised by increased sweating, and what areas are usually effected?

A

-Hyperhidrosis-> predominantly effects palms/soles

48
Q

Where are apocrine glands located?

A
  • Axilla
  • Genital
  • Submammary
49
Q

What causes body odour?

A

-Secretions from apocrine glands are odourless and protein rich. Digestion of this by subcutaneous flora produces body odour

50
Q

Name a disease which disrupts the barrier function of the skin

A

-Psoriasis

51
Q

What are the consequences of disruption to the barrier function in psoriasis?

A
  • Loss of fluid
  • Loss of protein
  • Loss of heat
  • Potential for excessive absorption of exogenous substances
52
Q

Why can erythrodermic psoriasis lead to hypothermia?

A

-Widespread vasodilation due to inability to vasoconstrict in cold environments leads to hypothermia

53
Q

What is vitiligo?

A
  • An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the melanocytes, usually in symmetrical localised areas of the skin causing depigmentation
  • Increased death of melanocytes
  • Damage to melanocytes resulting in inability to function
  • Symmetry possible under neural control as melanocytes are derived from neural crests
54
Q

What cells are effected in malignant melanoma?

A

-Melanocytes or melanocyte-derived cells

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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