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Tissues of the body > Innate and Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive immunity Flashcards

0
Q

When is a chemokine?

A

-Protein that attracts other cells

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1
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

-Proteins which alter the behaviour of other cells

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2
Q

How does endothelium become permeable upon infection/damage?

A

-Mast cells release histamine increasing vascular permeability as well as promotion by inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

-Increasing bacteria’s susceptibility to phagocytosis by coating it in antibodies which are recognised by phagocytic cells

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4
Q

What are the consequences of inflammation?

A
  • Calor (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Functio laesa (loss of function)
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5
Q

What humoral component can block the action of viruses?

A

-Interferon

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6
Q

Which enzyme is specific in causing bacterial cell lysis?

A

-Lysozyme

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7
Q

What are the main general features of the innate immune system?

A
  • Inbuilt immunity which is present at birth
  • Not specific
  • Not enhanced by secondary exposure
  • Has no memory
  • Uses cellular and humoral components
  • Poorly effective without adaptive immunity
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8
Q

What are the main general features of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Acquired through exposure
  • Pathogen specific through antibodies
  • Enhanced by second exposure
  • Uses cellular and humoral components
  • Poorly effective without innate immunity
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9
Q

What are the specific cells in adaptive immunity

A
  • B lyphocytes

- T lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are the main cells of innate immunity?

A
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophils (PMN)
  • Mast cells/basophil
  • Natural killer cells
  • Eosinophil
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11
Q

What is complement?

A

A cascade of proteins that results in bacterial cell lysis

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12
Q

Is complement part of the innate or adaptive immunity?

A

-Both

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13
Q

What is the relationship between T cells and B cells?

A

-Thelper cells present antigens to B cells which become active and secrete specific antibody

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14
Q

Where are macrophages derived from?

A

-Monocytes

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15
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis (can produce more lysosomes as needed)
  • Antigen presenting cells
  • Release cytokines
16
Q

What are the functions of the neutrophil?

A
  • First cell to arrive in damage
  • Phagocytosis
  • Anti-bacterial (cannot synthesis more lysosomes once activated)
17
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A
  • Anti-parasitic

- Allergy response

18
Q

What are the functions of mast cells and basophils?

A
  • Involved in allergy response and hypersensitivity

- Protection of mucosal surfaces

19
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

-Causes apoptosis by pumping proteases through pores of the membranes in infected cells

20
Q

What is the function of transferring and lactoferrin?

A

-Deprive the mico-organism of iron

21
Q

What are the functions of interferon?

A
  • Inhibits viral replication

- Activates other cells

22
Q

What is the function of lysozyme and where can it be found?

A
  • Breaks down peptidoglycan

- Serum and tears

23
Q

What is the function of fibronectin?

A

-Coats bacteria to promote phagocytosis

24
Q

What are the functions of TNFalpha?

A
  • Suppress viral replication

- Activate other cells

25
Q

How does complement increase opsonisation?

A

-Coats bacteria via components binding to micro-organism

26
Q

Where are complement proteins found?

A

-Ubiquitous in blood and lymph

27
Q

How does complement cause bacterial cell lysis?

A

-The proteolytic cascade leads to the assembly of the membrane attack complex which punches a pore in the membrane of the bacterium causing loss of cell contents and lysis

28
Q

What can inherited complement deficiency lead to?

A
  • Immune complex disease
  • Recurrent bacterial infection
  • Recurrent neisserial infection
29
Q

What are the two subsets of T cells?

A
  • CD4+ expressing Thelper cells

- CD8+ expressing Tcytoxic cells

30
Q

What are the two subsets of B cells?

A
  • Plasma B cells

- Memory B cells

31
Q

What is clonal selection and expansion?

A
  • Appropriate Specific B cell selected

- Proliferation of that B cell

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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