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Tissues of the body > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

What are the main functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Join to underlying tissues and provide support
  • Protect underlying organs
  • Defend against infection
  • Provide a medium for diffusion
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1
Q

What tissue is the most abundant and widespread in the body?

A

-Connective tissue

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2
Q

What three general features make up connective tissue?

A
  • Cellular components
  • Ground substance
  • Fibres
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3
Q

What is ground substance?

A
  • amorphous ECM consisting of linear aggregates of hyaluronic acid with many proteoglycan monomers (glycoaminoglycans attached to a core protein)
  • Link proteins attach the proteoglycan monomers to the hyaluronic acid molecules
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4
Q

Why does ground substance form a hydrated gel?

A

-The high density of gags gives the ground substance a high negative charge which attracts water

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5
Q

What type of fibres can be found in connective tissue?

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
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6
Q

What protein is the most abundant in the body?

A

-Collagen (specifically Type 1)

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7
Q

What secretes collagen?

A

-Fibroblasts secrete procollagen which are then arranged into fibres

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8
Q

What is type 3 collagen and where is it found?

A
  • Reticulin

- Lymphatic tissues

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9
Q

What do reticular fibres look like?

A
  • Messy network of fibres
  • Thin
  • Branched
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10
Q

Where is type 4 collagen found?

A

-Basal lamina in basement membrane

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11
Q

What is type 2 collagen?

A

-Elastic and hyaline

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12
Q

Name the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A
  • Mesenchyme

- Mucous

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13
Q

Where is mucous connective tissue found? Describe its features

A
  • Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord
  • Gelatin-like ground substance
  • Large intercellular spaces
  • Spindle-shaped cells
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14
Q

Where is mesenchyme derived from?

A

-Mesoderm

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15
Q

Describe mesenchymal cells

A
  • Pluripoent

- Tapered/spindle appearance due to cytoplasmic processes

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16
Q

What 5 things are derived from mesenchyme?

A
  • Bone
  • Fibroblasts->ligaments/tendons/supporting tissues
  • Adipocytes
  • Cartilage
  • Skeletal muscle
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17
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Loose

- Dense->regular/irregular

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18
Q

What are the specialised types of connective tissue?

A
  • Bone
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Adipose tissue
  • Lymphatics
  • Haematopoetic tissue
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19
Q

Why does mesenchyme persist in the adult?

A

-To give rise to new connective tissue during healing

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20
Q

Where would you find elastic fibres?

A
  • Dermis
  • Artery walls
  • Elastic cartilage
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21
Q

Describe the structure of elastic fibres, and it’s appearance under a TEM

A
  • Primarily elastin surrounded by a microfibril protein called fibrillin
  • Elastin is less electron dense than fibrillin ->lighter on the inside with surrounding darker area
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22
Q

Name the three layers of arterial walls and what do they consist of?

A
  • Tunica intima -> epithelia
  • Tunica media -> elastic lamella capable of being stretched, smooth muscle, collagen and ECM
  • Tunica adventitia -> collagen
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23
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of marfans syndrome?

A

-Autosomal dominant

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24
Q

What is special about the smooth muscle of the aorta wall?

A

-Secretes elastic, collagen and matrix

25
Q

What do elastic fibres look like?

A
  • Thin
  • Usually black
  • Branched network (not as messy as reticular)
26
Q

What causes marfans syndrome?

A

-Abnormal fibrillin gene leading to abnormal elastic tissue

27
Q

What is the clinical picture of marfans syndrome?

A
  • Abnormall tall
  • Arachnodactyly
  • Frequent joint dislocations
  • Abormally stretchy skin
  • Risk of aortic rupture
28
Q

Describe the connective tissue of the mammory gland

A
  • loose connective tissue with wispy collagen and many fibroblasts surrounds the glandular epithelium
  • Dense irregular connective tissue lies further away from the glandular epithelium with thick and abundant collagen and few fibroblasts
29
Q

What is the main function of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Attach epithelium to underlying tissues

- Allow diffusion of nutrients to cells

30
Q

Which layer of epithelial tissue is normally loose connective tissue?

A

-Submucosa (eg, in colon)

31
Q

What type of fibres does loose connective tissue contain?

A

-Collagen and elastic

32
Q

What is a specialised loose connective tissue?

A

-Blood

33
Q

What type of connective tissue are organ capsules?

A

-Loose or dense irregular depending on anatomical location

34
Q

What is the purpose of organ capsules?

A

-To provide protection

35
Q

What are the main purposes of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • Withstand tension

- Provide structural support

36
Q

What type of connective tissue is the dermis?

A

-Dense irrgular

37
Q

What is the general organisation of dense irregular connective tissue? How does its structure relate to its function?

A
  • Collagen bundles which are densely packed but irregularly arranged
  • The different orientations of the fibres allows the connective tissue to resist force in multiple directions and prevents tearing
38
Q

What is the function of the elastic fibres in the dermis?

A

-Allows a degree of stretch and restoration

39
Q

What are the colours of the dermis with silverstain?

A
  • Collagen bundles - pink

- Elastic fibres - dark red

40
Q

What is the main function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

-To have high tensile strength to resist high force in one direction

41
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A
  • Tendon

- Ligaments

42
Q

What is the structure of tendons and how does this relate to its function?

A
  • Very dense collagen bundles tightly packed arranged in parallel lines to the direction of the exerting force
  • Rows of elongated flattened fibroblasts between bundles
  • Provides high tensile strength of the tendon which is needed to attach muscle to bone
43
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

-Attach bone to bone

44
Q

How does the structure of ligaments differ from tendons?

A

-Arranged in fascicles of dense connective tissue separated by loose connective tissue

45
Q

What 4 cell types are found in connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cell
  • Adipocyte
46
Q

What is the most common cell type in connective tissue?

A

-Fibroblasts

47
Q

What are the function of fibroblasts?

A
  • Provide and maintain ECM

- Synthesise and secrete collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and gags

48
Q

Describe the appearance of a fibroblast?

A
  • Slightly spindle nuclei
  • Tapered cytoplasm
  • Abundant rER
49
Q

What other function are fibroblasts important in?

A

-Wound healing

50
Q

In what connective tissue are macrophages found?

A

-Loose

51
Q

What are the functions of the macrophages in connective tissue?

A
  • Degrade foreign organisms

- Remove cell debris and dead cells

52
Q

Where are mast cells found in connective tissue?

A

-Near blood vessels, absent from CNS

53
Q

What are mast cells involved in?

A
  • Hypersensitivity

- Anaphylaxis

54
Q

What causes mast cells to release their granules?

A
  • Become coated in IgE
  • Bind allergen
  • Release granules
55
Q

What do the granules contain?

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Chemoattractants
56
Q

What are the two types of adipocytes?

A

-Brown and white

57
Q

Describe the features of a white adipocyte

A
  • Numerous lipid droplets merge to form one large droplet

- Displaces all other cell contents to the side

58
Q

Describe the features of a brown adipocyte

A
  • Lipid droplets remain separate
  • Central nucleus
  • Abundant mitochondria (non-shivering thermogenesis)
59
Q

Why do adipocytes look empty when stained with H and E?

A

-Preparation with toluene and xylene dissolves the lipid

60
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue found?

A

-Scapula, sternum, axillae

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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