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Tissues of the body > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

0
Q

In general, what two components make up cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes

- Extensive ECM

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1
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular

A

-Avascular

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2
Q

What is the function of the chondrocytes within cartilage?

A

-To produce and maintain ECM

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3
Q

What is the ECM of cartilage made up of?

A
  • Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan aggregates
  • Proteoglycan monomers have a core protein with gags attached
  • Collagen fibres
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4
Q

What are the characteristic features of cartilage?

A
  • Resilience to repeated applied pressure
  • Non-compressibility
  • Solid but pliable
  • Elasticity
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5
Q

What does the gag:collagen ratio of the ECM ensure?

A

-The ratio permits diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes from the surrounding blood vessels

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6
Q

Which type of collagen is predominantly found in cartilage?

A

-Type 2

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7
Q

What type of tissue is cartilage?

A

-Connective tissue

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8
Q

Name the three type os cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
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9
Q

What is the ECM of hyaline cartilage made of?

A
  • Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan aggregates bound to type II collagen
  • Proteoglycan monomers have a core protein with gags attached
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10
Q

What is the main characteristic feature of hyaline cartilage?

A

-Resilience to repeated pressure loads

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11
Q

What occurs when pressure loads are applied to hyaline cartilage?

A

-Creates mechanical, electrical and chemical signals which direct the synthetic activity of the chondrocytes

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12
Q

What cell type is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

-Chondrocytes

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13
Q

Where in the body is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • larynx, trachea, bronchus
  • ear and nose
  • ribs
  • articulating surfaces of joints
  • At the epiphyseal growth plate
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14
Q

What surrounds cartilage?

A

-Perichondrium

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15
Q

What is particular about the hyaline cartilage at articulating surfaces of joints?

A
  • No perichondrium as would be damaged, needs to be smooth and thus cannot repair itself, gets nutrients from surrounding fluid
  • Also contains type III collagen
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16
Q

Why does hyaline cartilage at articulating surfaces have irregular boundaries?

A

-To prevent shearing off

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17
Q

Describe how chondrocytes are distributed in hyaline cartilage

A

-Lie in lacunae, separated by ECM that they secrete or in isogenous groups if just recently divided, which eventually become to lie separately

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18
Q

Why does hyaline cartilage remain at the epiphyseal growth plates?

A

-To allow elongation of long bones

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19
Q

What is interstitial growth in cartilage?

A

-Growth which occurs as a result of isogenous groups secreting matrix and becoming single cells laying in separate lacuna

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20
Q

What is appositional growth?

A
  • Growth from the periphery
  • The perichondrium contains elongate fibroblast-like cells which develop into chondroblasts and then into chondrocytes, laying down ground substance as they develop
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21
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

-The highly sulphated deeply staining matrix immediately surrounding chondrocytes

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22
Q

What is the interterritorial matrix?

A

-The matrix which lies in between chondrocytes and their lacunas

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23
Q

How is the ECM of elastic cartilage similar/different from that of hyaline cartilage, and what extra feature does this add?

A
  • ECM made of hyaluronic acid and protein aggregates providing resilience
  • Contains many elastic fibres conferring elasticity upon the cartilage
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24
Q

What colour is elastic cartilage in FRESH tissue?

A

-Yellowish

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25
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?

A
  • Pinna of the ear
  • Eustachian tube
  • Epiglottis
  • Auditory meatus
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26
Q

Does hyaline cartilage or elastic cartilage have more abundant chondrocytes?

A

-Elastic

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27
Q

What cell type(s) does fibrocartilage contain?

A

-Chondrocytes and fibroblasts (in relatively low numbers)

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28
Q

Why is fibrocartilage different from hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

-It is a mixture of dense irregular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

29
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a surrounding perichondrium?

A

-No

30
Q

Describe the distribution of cells within fibrocartilge

A
  • Often found in rows or isogenous groups

- Few

31
Q

What fibres does fibrocartilage contain?

A

-TI and TII collagen

32
Q

How are the fibres arranged in fibrocartilage? Relate the structure to its function

A
  • Fibres run in parallel with direction of force exerted upon it
  • Provides high tensile strength and non-compressibility
33
Q

What is the main function of fibrocartilage?

A

-Shock absorber and resistance of shearing force

34
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located in the body?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints
  • Menisci of the knee joing
  • Pubic Synthesis
  • Ethesis
35
Q

What is ethesis?

A

-Point of attachment of tendon to bone

36
Q

Which type of cartilage calcifies with age?

A

-Hyaline

37
Q

Which cartilage is the most common?

A

-Hyaline

38
Q

In general, what are the three constituents of bone?

A
  • Cells
  • ECM
  • Fibres
39
Q

What is specific about the ECM of bone?

A

-Integrated with mineral salts, particularly calcium phosphate for rigidity and hardness

40
Q

How is bone specialised for its function?

A

-High mechanical strength with minimal weight

41
Q

Name the different groups of bones

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Sesamoid bones
42
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  • Compact

- Spongy (Cancellous/trabecular)

43
Q

What is the macroscopic histiological appearance of compact bone?

A

-Dense bone with no cavities

44
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

-External surfaces of bones

45
Q

Microscopically, into what is compact bone arranged?

A

-Into osteons

46
Q

What are osteons?

A

-Concentric lamellae of bone arranged around a central haversian canal, joined to other osteons, periosteum and bone marrow by volkmann canals

47
Q

What do haversian canals carry?

A

-Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

48
Q

What is cementing substance?

A

-A thin homogenous layer of amorphous material between osteons

49
Q

Are volkmann canals surrounded by concentric lamellae?

A

-No

50
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

-Remnants of lamellae which used to be concentrically arranged around an osteon have been remodelled

51
Q

What is the macroscopic structure of cancellous bone?

A

-Interconnecting network of cavities, filled with bone marrow separated by numerous irregular trabeculae

52
Q

What is the microscopic structure of trabeculae?

A
  • No haversian systems

- Lamellae not arranged in concentric circles but irregularly

53
Q

How does trabecular bone receive nutrients?

A

-By diffusion from the marrow

54
Q

What is periosteum?

A

-Vascular connective tissue which surrounds bone

55
Q

What cell types are found in bone?

A
  • Osteoblasts (which develop into osteocytes)

- Osteoclasts

56
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

-Lay down new osteiod in bone remodelling

57
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

-To resorb bone during bone remodelling

58
Q

How do osteoclasts exert their action?

A

-Through H+ and lysosomal enzymes

59
Q

In what do osteocytes lie?

A

-Lacunae

60
Q

How are osteocytes arranged in immature and mature bone?

A
  • Immature-> fairly randomly arranged

- Mature-> in the concentric lamellae

61
Q

What is different about the lacunae of bone to lacunae of cartilage?

A

-Radiate canaliculi which anastomose with canaliculi of other lacunae

62
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

-Permit osteocyte cytoplasmic processes and passage of ions and nutrients to those osteocytes which lay far away from the artery

63
Q

What is the sheath of neumann?

A

-fine fibrous tissue which lines lacunae and canaliculi

64
Q

What must happen to bone in order for it to be histologically viewed?

A

-Decalcified which kills organic material
or
-Ground

65
Q

Describe the action of bone remodelling

A
  • Osteoclasts resorb bone through H+ and lysosomal enzymes which forms a cutting cone which runs parallel to the direction of the haversian canal creating a resorption cavity, osteoclasts lie in the resulting depression
  • Osteoblasts deposit osteoid in sucessive lamellae creating a closing cone, filling the resorption cavity with new bone
66
Q

Why can the bone resist fracture until a certain point?

A
  • High tensile strength

- Degree of flexibility- lamellae can slip relative to one another before excessive force causes fracture

67
Q

What are the four stages of bone repair following a fracture?

A
  • Haematoma formation
  • Fracture repair
  • Bony callus formation
  • Bone remodelling
68
Q

Describe haematoma formation following a fracture

A
  • Blood vessels in bone and periosteum break
  • Haematoma (mass of clotted blood) forms
  • Cells at periphery of fracture die due to lack of blood supply
  • Removed by macrophages
69
Q

Describe fracture repair following haematoma in a bone fracture

A
  • New blood vessels infiltrate haematoma
  • Procallus of granulation tissue (tissue rich in fibroblasts and capillaries) forms
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibres which span the break, others differentiate into chrondrocytes and form a sleeve of hyaline cartilage across the break
  • An externally buldging fibrocartilagineous matrix splints the bone
70
Q

Describe bony callus formation after procallus formation following a fracture

A
  • Trabeculae develop and a spongy callus is formed
  • Edochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone
  • Fibrocartilagineous callus is know a hard bony callus of cancellous bone
  • Continues for 2 months until hard union is formed
71
Q

Describe bone remodelling following a fracture

A
  • Spongy bone remodelled to compact bone at cortical regions
  • Osteoclasts remove externall budlging bone and bone protruding into medullary cavity
  • Final shape will be the same as the original bone as remodelling will be in response to the same mechanical stressors

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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