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Tissues of the body > Haemopoesis > Flashcards

Haemopoesis Flashcards

0
Q

What is the average size of a RBC?

A

-approx. 8um diameter

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1
Q

What is the average lifespan of RBCs?

A

-approx. 120 days

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2
Q

Where do RBCs originate?

A

-Bone marrow

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3
Q

By what system are RBCs removed?

A

-Reticulo-endothelial system (spleen)

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4
Q

What is the difference between the amount of bone marrow in infants and adults?

A
  • Extensive throughout skeleton in infants

- Limited distribution in adults (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs, vertrbrae)

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5
Q

What cell types are produced in bone marrow?

A

-RBCs, platelets and most WBCs

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6
Q

What is haemopoesis?

A

-The process of the production of blood cells and platelets which continues throughout life

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7
Q

Where does haemopoesis occur?

A

-Bone marrow

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8
Q

What do all RBCs originate from?

A

-Common myeloid progenitor cells

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9
Q

What drives haemopoesis?

A

-Cytokines

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10
Q

What cytokine drives haemopoesis of RBCs?

A

-Erythropoietin

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11
Q

What cells originate from the common myeloid progenitor?

A
  • Megakaryocytes
  • Erythrocyte
  • Mast cell
  • Myeloblasts
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12
Q

What cell type is derived from megakaryocytes?

A

-Platelets

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13
Q

What cell types are derived from myeloblasts?

A
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes
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14
Q

What cell type is derived from monocyte?

A

-Macrophage

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15
Q

What cell types originate from common lymphoid precursor?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Natural killer cells

16
Q

Where do common myeloid progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors originate from?

A

-Multipotent haematopoeitic stem cells

17
Q

What controls erythropoiesis?

A
  • Reduced pO2 detected in interstitial peritubular kidney cells
  • Increased production of erythropoietin
  • Erythropoietin stimulates maturation of E-progenitor stem cells
  • Release of mature RBCs from marrow
  • Hb rises
  • pO2 rises
  • Erythropoietin production falls
18
Q

What happens to Hb that is released from lysed RBCs?

A
  • Broken down into bilirubin in liver
  • Excreted through bile ducts into small intestine
  • Excreted as urobiligen via kidneys when bilirubin is reabsorbed from small intestine
19
Q

What is the consequence of blockage of the bile duct?

A

-Accumulation of bilirubin leading to jaundice

20
Q

What controls haemapoiesis of platelets?

A

-Thrombopoietin

21
Q

How do platelets form from megakaryocytes?

A
  • Megakaryocyte increases in size and replicates DNA

- Platelets (which are cell fragments) bud from the cytoplasm

22
Q

Which cells of the body can mobilise, divide and transform after to maturation?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

23
Q

Where does final lymphocyte maturation occur?

A
  • T cells mature in the thymus

- B cells mature in the bone marrow

24
Q

Describe the structure of erythrocytes

A
  • Anucleate
  • Bioconcave disc approx 8um in diameter
  • Pale centre on blood smears due to shape
  • Extremely flexible to allow passage through small BVs
  • Contain Hb
25
Q

What is the function of the glycoproteins attached to spectrins in RBCs membranes?

A

-Maintain elasticity

26
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

-Newly formed RBC which have only just been released from BM

27
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes?

A
  • Very large nucleus which almost fills the cell
  • Thin rim of cytoplasm evident around the edge
  • Small cytoplasmic projections visible with EM
  • T cells expressing CD4+ on their surface are Thelper cells
  • T cells expressing CD8+ on their surface are cytotoxic T cells
28
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A
  • Fundamental part of adaptive immune system
  • Pass through endothelial lining of blood vessels into adjacent tissues in response to infection
  • Thelper cells recognise foreign antigens when displayed on MHCII of APCs
  • Once activated Th stimulate Tc
  • Tc cells recognise and kill infected host cells
  • B cells transform to plasma cells and secrete specific Ab
29
Q

Describe the structure of monocytes

A
  • Largest cell in peripheral blood
  • Nucleus irregular in shape (kidney shaped)
  • Abundant grey/blue cytoplasm
  • Occasional lysozyme vacuoles
30
Q

Describe the function of monocytes

A
  • Highly motile
  • Migrate into tissue in response to infection and differentiate into macrophages (have cytoplasmic projections)
  • Both actively phagocytic
  • Only remain in circulation 1-3 days
  • Reserve in red pulp of spleen
  • Macrphages capable of chemotaxis, involved in inflammation and interact with Thelper cells
31
Q

Describe the structure of Eosinophils

A
  • Bilobed nucleus

- Orange-staining granules

32
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A
  • Capable of weak phagocytosis
  • Release cytotoxic enzymes to damage large invading pathogens
  • highly motile -> migrate to epithelial surfaces
  • Associated with allergic reactions via ingestion of antigen:antibody complex and release of granules
33
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A
  • Involved in inflammatory response
  • Granules contain heparin and histamine which are released in response to local tissue damage
  • Histamine causes vasodilation of BVs and leakage of fluid into tissues
34
Q

What is the structure of a neutrophil?

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Small granules in cytoplasm
  • Pale cytoplasm
35
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Granules are lysosomes which contain digestive enzymes
  • Short lived
  • Gross accumulation causes pus
  • Capable of oxidative burst
36
Q

Describe the structure and function of platelets

A
  • Small cellular particles
  • Contain granules containing fibrinogen and von willebrand’s factor
  • Phospholipid surface to provide binding sites for clotting factors during clotting cascade
  • Rich in compounds which cause vasoconstriction eg serotonin
  • Accumulate at sites of injury
  • Responsible for forming a thrombus
  • Rich in factor III starting extrinsic clotting cascade
  • Adhere to connective tissue
  • Aggregate with other platelets
37
Q

What is von willebrand’s factor?

A

-Factor needed to adhere to tissue

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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