Internal surfaces Flashcards

0
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

-Thin layer of connective tissue

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1
Q

What are the layers of a mucous membrane?

A
  • Epithelium lining the lumen
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa
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2
Q

What is muscularis mucosa?

A

-Smooth muscle in mucous membranes

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3
Q

What structures do mucous membranes line?

A
  • Alimentary tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Urinary tract
  • I.e. internal tubes which open to the exterior
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4
Q

What are serous membranes?

A
  • Two part membranes which line closed body cavities which envelope viscera
  • I.e. peritoneum, pericardium, pleural sacs
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5
Q

What is the function of serous membranes?

A

-Secrete lubricating fluid promoting friction-free movement of the viscera they surround

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6
Q

What type of epithelium are serous membranes?

A

-Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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7
Q

-How to serosae come to surround viscera?

A
  • The viscera invaginate into the serosae becomming surrounded.
  • The membrane closest to the organ is the visceral membrane
  • The opposing membrane is the periatal membrane
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8
Q

What makes up the alimentary canal?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum, jejenum, ileum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
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9
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary tract wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosae
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10
Q

What is the mucosa made up of?

A
  • Epithelia
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa
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11
Q

What is the immune adaption of the mucosa of the ileum?

A

-Peyers patches (aggregations of lymphocytes) in the lamina propria

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12
Q

What is the adaption of the mucosa in the stomach?

A

-Rugae (folds of gastric mucosa)

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13
Q

What is an adaption of the jejenum?

A
  • Pilcae circulares (folds of mucosa/submucosa into lumen) which have villi which have microvilli
  • Greatly increase surface area
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14
Q

What is an adaption of the colon mucosa?

A
  • Have microvilli

- Have crypts of lieberkuhn which secrete mucus

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15
Q

What is submucosa?

A
  • Connective tissue which lies underneath the mucosa

- Contains glands, blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A
  • Smooth muscle which surrounds submucosa
  • Has two layers - inner circular layer and outer longitudial layer
  • surrounded by serosae
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17
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa in the alimentary canal?

A

-Peristaltic waves to move lumen contents along

18
Q

What is adventitia and when is it present?

A
  • Thin layer of connective tissue

- Present when there is no invagination of viscera into the pericardium, pleural sac or peritoneum

19
Q

List the conducting portion and the respiratory portions of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Conducting portion - nasal canal, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and trachea
  • Respiratory portion - bronchi, bronchioles, lung, alveolar ducts, alveoli and diaphragm
20
Q

What is the epithelium of the respiratory tract?

A

-Pseudostratified, ciliated epithelia

21
Q

What is the epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

-Stratified squamous non-keratinised

22
Q

What is the epithelium of the majority of the alimentary tract?

A

-Simple columnar

23
Q

What are the cell types in the alveoli?

A
  • Type 1 squamous (90%)

- Type 2 cuboidal which secrete surfactant

24
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

-A basketwork of capillaries and elastic fibres

25
Q

What immune cell type lines the alveoli?

A

-Numerous macrophages

26
Q

List the layers of the respiratory tract walls

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosae/adventitia
27
Q

Which section of the respiratory tract has adventitia?

A

-Trachea

28
Q

What type of glands are in the submucosa of the trachea?

A

-seromucus

29
Q

What unicellular glands are present in the respiratory tract and upto what point?

A
  • Goblet cells

- Upto bronchioles as the lumen gets narrow, mucus would block it.

30
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle and where is it located?

A
  • At the back of the trachea, anterior to the oesophagus

- Can open and close the trachea to an extent

31
Q

Describe the hyaline cartilage of the trachea and state its purpose

A
  • C shaped rings

- to keep the airways open

32
Q

-Upto what point in the respiratory tract is cartilage found?

A

-Down to the bronchioles

33
Q

-What keeps the bronchioles open?

A

-The surrounding alveoli

34
Q

What happens to the hyaline cartilage of the respiratory tract with age?

A

-Partly transforms to bone

35
Q

What makes up the urinary tract?

A

-Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

36
Q

What epithelium is present in the bladder, ureter and urethra and what is its function?

A
  • Transitional epithelium

- Distensibility and protection from toxic chemicals

37
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa of the bladder?

A
  • Transitional Epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • no muscularis mucosae
38
Q

Why is the bladder impermeable to urine?

A
  • Thick PM

- Intracellular tight junctions

39
Q

What adaption does the muscularis externa of the bladder have?

A

-Has three layers instead of two

40
Q

Does the bladder, ureter and urethra have adventitia or serosa?

A

-Adventitia

41
Q

Why are females more prone to urinary tract infections

A
  • Female urethra 1.5 inches

- Male urethra 8 inches

42
Q

What epithelial cells are found in the penile urethra?

A

-Stratified columnar epithelia for blood flow for erection