Internal surfaces

Question 0

What is the lamina propria?

Answer 0

-Thin layer of connective tissue

Question 1

What are the layers of a mucous membrane?

Answer 1

• Epithelium lining the lumen
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis mucosa

Question 2

What is muscularis mucosa?

Answer 2

-Smooth muscle in mucous membranes

Question 3

What structures do mucous membranes line?

Answer 3

• Alimentary tract
• Respiratory tract
• Urinary tract
• I.e. internal tubes which open to the exterior

Question 4

What are serous membranes?

Answer 4

• Two part membranes which line closed body cavities which envelope viscera
• I.e. peritoneum, pericardium, pleural sacs

Question 5

What is the function of serous membranes?

Answer 5

-Secrete lubricating fluid promoting friction-free movement of the viscera they surround

Question 6

What type of epithelium are serous membranes?

Answer 6

-Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Question 7

-How to serosae come to surround viscera?

Answer 7

• The viscera invaginate into the serosae becomming surrounded.
• The membrane closest to the organ is the visceral membrane
• The opposing membrane is the periatal membrane

Question 8

What makes up the alimentary canal?

Answer 8

• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Duodenum, jejenum, ileum
• Colon
• Rectum

Question 9

What are the layers of the alimentary tract wall?

Answer 9

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa
• Serosae

Question 10

What is the mucosa made up of?

Answer 10

• Epithelia
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis mucosa

Question 11

What is the immune adaption of the mucosa of the ileum?

Answer 11

-Peyers patches (aggregations of lymphocytes) in the lamina propria

Question 12

What is the adaption of the mucosa in the stomach?

Answer 12

-Rugae (folds of gastric mucosa)

Question 13

What is an adaption of the jejenum?

Answer 13

• Pilcae circulares (folds of mucosa/submucosa into lumen) which have villi which have microvilli
• Greatly increase surface area

Question 14

What is an adaption of the colon mucosa?

Answer 14

• Have microvilli

- Have crypts of lieberkuhn which secrete mucus

Question 15

What is submucosa?

Answer 15

• Connective tissue which lies underneath the mucosa

- Contains glands, blood vessels and nerves

Question 16

What is the muscularis externa?

Answer 16

• Smooth muscle which surrounds submucosa
• Has two layers - inner circular layer and outer longitudial layer
• surrounded by serosae

Question 17

What is the function of the muscularis externa in the alimentary canal?

Answer 17

-Peristaltic waves to move lumen contents along

Question 18

What is adventitia and when is it present?

Answer 18

• Thin layer of connective tissue

- Present when there is no invagination of viscera into the pericardium, pleural sac or peritoneum

Question 19

List the conducting portion and the respiratory portions of the respiratory tract?

Answer 19

• Conducting portion - nasal canal, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and trachea
• Respiratory portion - bronchi, bronchioles, lung, alveolar ducts, alveoli and diaphragm

Question 20

What is the epithelium of the respiratory tract?

Answer 20

-Pseudostratified, ciliated epithelia

Question 21

What is the epithelium of the oesophagus?

Answer 21

-Stratified squamous non-keratinised

Question 22

What is the epithelium of the majority of the alimentary tract?

Answer 22

-Simple columnar

Question 23

What are the cell types in the alveoli?

Answer 23

• Type 1 squamous (90%)

- Type 2 cuboidal which secrete surfactant

Question 24

What are alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 24

-A basketwork of capillaries and elastic fibres

Question 25

What immune cell type lines the alveoli?

Answer 25

-Numerous macrophages

Question 26

List the layers of the respiratory tract walls

Answer 26

- Mucosa - Submucosa - muscularis externa - serosae/adventitia

Question 27

Which section of the respiratory tract has adventitia?

Answer 27

-Trachea

Question 28

What type of glands are in the submucosa of the trachea?

Answer 28

-seromucus

Question 29

What unicellular glands are present in the respiratory tract and upto what point?

Answer 29

- Goblet cells | - Upto bronchioles as the lumen gets narrow, mucus would block it.

Question 30

What is the function of the trachealis muscle and where is it located?

Answer 30

- At the back of the trachea, anterior to the oesophagus | - Can open and close the trachea to an extent

Question 31

Describe the hyaline cartilage of the trachea and state its purpose

Answer 31

- C shaped rings | - to keep the airways open

Question 32

-Upto what point in the respiratory tract is cartilage found?

Answer 32

-Down to the bronchioles

Question 33

-What keeps the bronchioles open?

Answer 33

-The surrounding alveoli

Question 34

What happens to the hyaline cartilage of the respiratory tract with age?

Answer 34

-Partly transforms to bone

Question 35

What makes up the urinary tract?

Answer 35

-Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 36

What epithelium is present in the bladder, ureter and urethra and what is its function?

Answer 36

- Transitional epithelium | - Distensibility and protection from toxic chemicals

Question 37

What are the layers of the mucosa of the bladder?

Answer 37

- Transitional Epithelium - lamina propria - no muscularis mucosae

Question 38

Why is the bladder impermeable to urine?

Answer 38

- Thick PM | - Intracellular tight junctions

Question 39

What adaption does the muscularis externa of the bladder have?

Answer 39

-Has three layers instead of two

Question 40

Does the bladder, ureter and urethra have adventitia or serosa?

Answer 40

-Adventitia

Question 41

Why are females more prone to urinary tract infections

Answer 41

- Female urethra 1.5 inches | - Male urethra 8 inches

Question 42

What epithelial cells are found in the penile urethra?

Answer 42

-Stratified columnar epithelia for blood flow for erection