Skin Flashcards
somewhat bluish color
Cyanosis
Silvery scaly lesions, mainly on the extensor surfaces
psoriasis
plaques
coalescence of papules
3 p’s!
scaly, itchy rashes
normally on flexor surfaces
atopic eczema
linear
geographic
clustered
(herpes simplex)
serpiginous
annular
(ringworm)
up to 1 cm
solid, raised spot(s)
papule
marble-like lesion LARGER than 0.5 cm, deeper & firmer than papule
nodule
Nodule filled w/ expressible material, either liquid or semi-solid
cyst
somewhat irregular, relatively transient, superficial area of localized skin edema
Think: mosquito bite
wheal
up to 1 cm, filled w/ serous fluid
think: herpes simplex, herpes zoster
vesicle
1 cm or larger, filled w/ serous fluid
teacher says 1.5 but whatever
bulla
filled w/ PUS
think: acne
pustule
thin flake of dead exfoliated epidermis
scale
Dried residue of skin exudate (serum, pus, blood)
crust
visible & palpable thickening of epidermis & roughening of skin w/ increased visibility of normal skinn furrows
lichenification
Hypertrophic scarring that extends beyond borders of initial injury
keloids
linear or punctate erosions caused by SCRATCHING
excoriation
Linear crack in skin, resulting from excess dryness
fissure
Deep loss of epidermis and dermis, may bleed and scar
ulcer
What are the 3 layers of skin?
Which layer has NO blood vessels? Which layer has PLENTY of blood vessels?
Epidermis - devoid of blood vessels, gets nutrients from dermis
Dermis - well supplied w/ blood vessels
SubQ
What is the difference between central & peripheral cyanosis?
Central –> oxygen level in the arterial blood is low –> decreased oxygenation in patient
Peripheral –> cutaneous blood flow decreases and slows –> anxiety or cold environment
What is the difference between ECCRINE and APOCRINE sweat glands?
Eccrine - major sweat glands of the body, widely distributed and open directly onto skin surface - helps control body temperature
Apocrine - axillary and genital region - open onto hair follicles and stimulated by emotional stress. Responsible for adult body odor
What does edema indicate? Where is the fluid?
Indicates the presence of excess fluid in interstitial spaces. May be localized due to injury or systemic
Braden Score - What is considered NOT at risk?
19-23
Braden Score What is considered MILD risk?
15-18
Braden Score - What is considered MODERATE risk?
13-14
Braden Score - What is considered HIGH risk?
10-12
Braden Score - What is VERY HIGH RISK?
9 or below
What are the scoring factors for braden?
- Sensory perception
- Moisture
- Activity
- Mobility
- Nutrition
- And friction and shear
At what DEGREE is [nail] clubbing?
What is clubbing an indication of?
Clubbing: the angle increases to 180 degrees or more, and the nail bed feels spongy or floating.
Seen in congenital heart disease, interstitial lung diseases, lung cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies
Which kind of skin cancer does this describe?
- lowest level of epidermis
- 80% of skin cancers
- generally sunexposed areas (head/neck)
- generally benign, but if left untreated, can be life-threatening.
- grows SLOWLY & rarely metastasizes.
Basal cell carcinoma
Which kind of skin cancer does this describe?
- upper layer of epidermis
- 16% of skin cancer
- crusty & scaly w/ red inflamed or ulcerate appearance
- on face & back of hands
- can metastasize
- even more ew than the last one
squamous cell carcinoma
Which kind of skin cancer does this describe?
- arises from pigmented producing _____cytes in the epidermis
- accounts for 4% of skin cancers.
- MOST LETHAL TYPE
Melanoma
ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer
asymmetry
[irregular] border (notches)
color (weird colors)
diameter (>6mm)
elevation/evolution
small, flat, spot up to 1 cm
ex: small vitiligo, hemangioma
Macule
Flat spot, 1.0 cm or larger
Café-au-lait
Patch
Elevated superficial lesion 1.0 cm or larger, often formed by coalescence of papules
Ex: Psoriasis
plaque
Deep red or reddish purple –> fading away over
Do not blanch
1-3mm
petechia / purpura
- Purple or purplish blue, fading to green, yellow and brown with time
- Larger than petechiae >3mm
- Does not blanch
Ecchymosis
Ulcer Stages
Pressure related alteration of the intact skin with changes related to temp, consistency, sensations, or color.
Stage I
Ulcer Stages
Partial thickness of skin loss or ulceration involving the epidermis, dermis, or both
Stage II
Ulcer Stages
Full thickness of skin loss, with damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend to but not through the underlying muscle
Stage III
Ulcer Stages
Full thickness skin loss, with destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to underlying muscle, bone, or supporting structures
You’ll never forget it!
Stage IV
Ulcer Stages
base is covered with eschar or sloughing tissue
Unstageable
Fevers, chills and pain indicate…
Hint: Bone
osteomyelitis
