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HA Final > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

The following are examples of what? Joint capsules, articular cartilage, the synovium and synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments, and juxta-articular bone

A

Articular structures

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2
Q

The following are examples of what? periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursa, muscle, fascia, bone, nerve, and underlying skin

A

Extra-articular structures

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3
Q

What are rope-like bundles of collagen fibrils that connect BONE TO BONE?

A

ligaments

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4
Q

What are collagen fibers connecting MUSCLE TO BONE?

A

tendons

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5
Q

What are the pouches of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of the tendons and muscle over bone or other joint structures. They lie between the skin and the convex surface of the bone or joint?

A

bursae

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6
Q

What is a synovial joint? Explain movement and examples

A

a. Do not touch each other
b. Freely moveable
c. Knee (largest joint in the body), shoulder, hip

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7
Q

3 types of synovial joints

A
  • Spheroidal (Ball and socket)
    • Convex surface in concave cavity
    • Wide-range flexion and extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
    • Shoulder, hip
  • Hinge
    • Flat, planar
    • Motion on one plane→flexion and extension only
    • Interphalangeal joints of hand and foot, elbow
  • Condylar
    • Convex or concave→knee
    • Movement of two articulating surface - Articulating→ temporomandibular joint
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8
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint? Movement & examples

A

a. Slightly moveable b. Between the vertebrae and symphysis pubis c. Pivot-neck d. Gliding-wrist

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9
Q

What are fibrous joints? Movement and examples

A

a. No movement-Immobile
b. Sutures of the skull
c. Almost in direct contact

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10
Q

aches and pains that occur in the *muscles*

A

myalgia

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11
Q

pain in the *joints* but no evidence of arthritis

A

Arthralgias

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12
Q

What are some of the red flags for a serious underlying systemic disease?

A

o Age older than 50

o History of cancer

o Unexplained weight loss

o Pain lasting more than 1 month or not responding to treatment

o Pain at night or increased by rest

o History of intravenous drug use

o Presence of infection

o Swan neck deformities

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13
Q

What are these S/S?

o Degeneration and progressive loss of cartilage within the joints

o Only *one joint* may be involved

o Swelling, warmth, tenderness, redness

o Heberden nodes at the DIP

o Bouchard nodes at the PIP

o No fever

A

Osteoarthritis

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14
Q

What are these S/S?

o Inflammation of the synovial membranes

o Several joints, *symmetrically distributed*, muscle atrophy or weakness

o Symmetric deformity in the PIP, MCP and wrist joints with ulnar deviation

o Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low fever may be present

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

What are these S/S?

o Inflammatory reaction to microcrystals of the sodium urate

o Base of the big toe

A

Gouty arthritis

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16
Q

What are these S/S?

o Widespread MSK pain and tender points

o “All over”

o Usually associate with morning fatigue

A

Fibromyalgia syndrome

17
Q

Audible or palpable cronching during movement of tendons or ligaments over bone

A

Crepitus

18
Q

What is the difference between passive and active ROM?

A

o Passive→ by the examiner

o Active→by the patient

19
Q

What is Isometric ROM? What does it help with?

A

by the patient by contracting and relaxing muscles while keeping the part in a fixed position. Done to maintain muscle strength when patient is immobile, full ptn cooperation

20
Q

How would you grade someone who has active movement against gravity?

A

3/5

0 No muscular contraction detected
1 A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity with some resistance
5 Active movement against full resistance without evident fatigue. This is NORMAL muscle strength

21
Q

How would you grade someone who has barely a detectable flicker or trace of contraction?

A

1/5

0 No muscular contraction detected
1 A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity with some resistance
5 Active movement against full resistance without evidence of fatigue. This is NORMAL muscle strength

22
Q

How would you grade someone w/ active movement against full resistance w/o evidence of fatigue? (Normal)

A

5/5

0 No muscular contraction detected
1 A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity with some resistance
5 Active movement against full resistance without evidence of fatigue. This is NORMAL muscle strength

23
Q

How would you grade someone with active movement against gravity AND some resistance?

A

4/5

0 No muscular contraction detected
1 A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity with some resistance
5 Active movement against full resistance without evidence of fatigue. This is NORMAL muscle strength

24
Q

How would you grade someone w/ active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated?

A

2/5

0 No muscular contraction detected
1 A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction
2 Active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated
3 Active movement against gravity
4 Active movement against gravity with some resistance
5 Active movement against full resistance without evidence of fatigue. This is NORMAL muscle strength

25
Q

How would you describe muscle tone?

A

o Flaccidity or hypotonic→marked floppiness

o Spasticity or hypertonic→increased resistance that worsens at the extremes of range

26
Q

Which joint is the most active joint in the body? What kind of joint is it? What is the ROM of this joint?

A

TMJ

  • condylar synovial joint

ROM is three fold

  • Opening and closing
  • Protrusion and subtraction
  • Lateral or side-to-side motion
27
Q

What is the drop-arm sign? How do you test it and what does it mean?

A

ask patient to fully abduct the arm to shoulder level if cannot hold arm fully abducted, test is positive indicating rotator cuff tear

28
Q

How do you test Tinel’s sign? What is it testing for?

A

test for median nerve (index finger) compression by tapping lighly over the course of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel area

Tests for carpal tunnel syndrome

29
Q

What is phalen’s sign and how do you test for it?

A

Ask the patient to hold the wrists in flexion for 60 seconds. Alt, ask the patient to press the backs of the hands together to form right angles. These maneuvers compress the median nerve.

30
Q

How do you measure bone strength?

A

bone density (70%) and bone quality

31
Q

What is the difference in bone density in a ptn with osteopenia and an ptn with osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia is bone density 1.0–2.5 standard deviations below the mean for young adult white women (T score between –2.5 and –1.0).

Osteoporosis is bone density 2.5 or more standard deviations below the mean for young adult white women (T score less than –2.5).

32
Q

What does a Z score compare against?

What % drop would indicate increased risk for fracture?

A

age matched controls (similar age, height, and weight)

A 10% drop in bone density, equivalent to 1.0 standard deviation, is associated with a 20% increase in risk for fracture

33
Q

At what age should you do routine bone density screenings?

A

65+

34
Q

What is the SINGLE best predictor of low bone density?

A

Low body weight

35
Q

What is the best predictor of subsequent hip fracture?

A

bone density of the femoral neck

36
Q

What interventions are good in a ptn w/ high risk of osteoporosis?

A
  • regular, weight bearing exercises
  • don’t drink alcohol - prevents absorption of calcium. Women should drink no more than 1 per day, men no more than 2
  • Caffeine causes increased calcium excretion
  • Don’t drink carbonated beverages.
37
Q

nearest the trunk or from the point of origin

A

proximal

38
Q

away from the trunk or from the point of origin

A

distal

elbow is distal to shoulder
elbow is proximal to the wrist

39
Q

Does the positioning of an appendage ever change proximally or distally?

A

Newp.

HA Final (11 decks)

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