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Anatomy & Physiology > skeleton system > Flashcards

skeleton system Flashcards

1
Q

Define osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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2
Q

Define osteoclasts

A

large cells break down bone matrix

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3
Q

Define osteocytes

A

mature bone cell

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4
Q

Define osteon

A

structural/function of compact bone

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5
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • storing minerals/fats
  • producing blood cells
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6
Q

anatomical difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

Compact: dense, smooth, homogeneous, osteons
Spongy: needlelike bone, open spaces, no central canal, trabeculea

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7
Q

How many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

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8
Q

2 types of bone tissue?

`

A
  • compact
  • spongy
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9
Q

4 groups bone is classified under?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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10
Q

2 special categories bones are classified under?

A
  • wormian
  • sesamoid
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11
Q

5 anatomical features of a long bone.

A
  • diaphysis
  • periosteum
  • epiphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • Epiphyseal line/plate
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12
Q

2 anatomical features of a short bone

A
  • cube-shaped
  • spongy, compact outer layer
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13
Q

sesamoid bone is what type of bone?

A

short bone

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14
Q

sesamoid bones form where?

A

within tendons or muscles

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15
Q

2 anatomical features of a flat bones?

A
  • thin,flat,curved
  • spongy bone between two layer compact bone
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16
Q

2 examples of long bones

A
  • femur
  • humerus
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17
Q

2 examples of short bones

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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18
Q

3 examples of flat bones

A
  • most of skull
  • ribs
  • sternum
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19
Q

2 anatomical features of an irregular bone

A
  • irregular shape
  • do not fit in other categories
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20
Q

2 examples of irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae
  • facial bones
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21
Q

example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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22
Q

anatomical feature of a wormian bone

A

form in the sutures of the skull plates

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23
Q

example of wormian bone

A

only found between the skull plates

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24
Q

2 divisions of skeletal system

A
  • axial
  • appendicular
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25
Q

diaphysis is what & what is it composed of?

A
  • shaft
  • compact bone
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26
Q

periosteum is what & what 1 tissue/fiber each?

A
  • covering of diaphysis
  • dense irregular
  • sharpy fibers
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27
Q

What is the covering surrounding the shaft?

A

periosteum

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28
Q

What is stored in the medullary cavity?

A

yellow bone marrow

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29
Q

where does red blood production occur?

A

red bone marrow in the epiphysis

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30
Q

How do you know if a bone still growing?

A

if there is an epiphyseal plate present

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31
Q

3 types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteogenic cell
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32
Q

2 functions of the osteoblast?

A
  • lines outside of bone
  • forms bone matrix
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33
Q

Function of osteoclast

A

breaks down matrix

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34
Q

Function of osteocyte

A

maintains bone matrix

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35
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone

A
  • osteons(haversian system)
  • Central (Haversian) canal
  • Canaliculi
  • Perforating(molkmann’s) canal
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36
Q

What is the lamellae?

A
  • extracellular(bone) matrix
  • rings around the central canal
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37
Q

3 structures found in the central canal

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • nerves
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38
Q

what is the name of the cytoplasmic extension that allows osteocytes to communicate with the central canal?

A

canaliculi

39
Q

where do you find compact bone?

A

outer layer of the bone

40
Q

where do you find spongy bones?

A

inner layer of the bone

41
Q

what are the 4 functions of compact bone?

A
  • support
  • movement
  • protection
  • strength
42
Q

what is the function of spongy bone?

A
  • providing support
  • flexibility
43
Q

3 bone processes

A
  • bone formation
  • bone remodeling
  • bone repair
44
Q

6 type of connective tissue that bones are composed of

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • elastic connective tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone tissue,
  • blood tissue
45
Q

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  • development of ossification center
  • calcification
  • formating of trabeculae
  • development of periosteum
46
Q

ossification is what processes?

A

bone formation

47
Q

renewal is what processes?

A

bone remodeling

48
Q

What bones of the skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A
  • skull
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • clavicle
49
Q

What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  • development of cartilage model
  • growth of cartilage model
  • development of primary ossification center
  • development of medullary cavity
  • development of second ossification center
  • formation of articular cartilage/epiphyseal plate
50
Q

2 phases in ossification in long bones

A
  • osteoblast cover hyaline cartilage with bone matrix
  • enclosed cartilage in fetus is digested away making medullary cavity
51
Q

what are the 5 difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A
  • differ in number of steps
  • ossify different bones
  • endochondral starts with a cartilaginous model
  • 2 ossification centers in endochondral, 1 in intramembranous
  • both occur during fetal development but endochondral continues post-nataly
52
Q

What bones of the skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

rest of the bones

53
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

process of repairing or maintaining bone by adding or removing bone matrix

54
Q

why is bone remodeling important?

A

retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth

55
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone repair?

A
  • hematoma forms
  • fibrocartilage callus forms
  • bony callus forms
  • bone remodeling occurs
56
Q

If blood calcium level is high, what lowers the blood calcium?

A

thyroid gland releasing calcitonin

57
Q

If blood calcium levels are low, what raises the blood calcium?

A

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone

58
Q

How does calcitonin and PTH play a role in regulating proper blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts that will grow bone
PTH will stimulate osteoclast that will break down bone

59
Q

What are the stages of bone repair?

A
  • hematoma
  • fibrocartilaginous callus
  • bony callus
  • bone remodeling
60
Q

what are the 8 bone fractures?

A
  • greenstick
  • spiral
  • comminuted
  • compression
  • depression
  • oblique
  • epiphyseal
  • transverse
61
Q

2 characteristics of a greenstick fracture?

A
  • common in children
  • bend or crack in an incomplete break
62
Q

2 characteristics in an oblique fracture?

A
  • common in sports
  • twisting force
63
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

bone broken into many pieces

64
Q

2 characteristics of a compression fracture?

A
  • common in elderly
  • bones are crushed
65
Q

what is a depression fracture?

A

bone moves inward

66
Q

what is an oblique fracture?

A

happens diagnal to the long axis

67
Q

what is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

breaks along the epiphysis

68
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

breaks perpendicular to the long axis

69
Q

List the types of vertebra

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccyx
70
Q

how many bones does the cervical have?

A

7

71
Q

how many bones does the thoracic have?

A

12

72
Q

how many bones does the lumbar have?

A

5

73
Q

how many does the sacral have?

A

5 fused

74
Q

Identify the 3 parts of the rib cage.

A
  • True
  • false
  • floating
75
Q

What are the 4 spinal curvatures?

A
  • normal
  • scoliosis
  • kyphosis
  • lordosis
76
Q

List all 6 bones of the axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • facial bones
  • vertebra
  • sacrum
  • sternum
  • ribs
77
Q

what are the 6 bones of the cranium?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
78
Q

3 parts of the skull does the frontal bone form?

A
  • forehead
  • bony projections under the eyebrows
  • superior part of each eye’s orbit
79
Q

what part of the skull does the parietal bone form?

A

superior and lateral walls of the cranium

80
Q

what part of the skull does the temporal bone form?

A

inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures

81
Q

what part of the skull does the occipital bone form?

A

the base and back wall of the skull

82
Q

what part of the skull does the sphenoid bone form?

A

spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity

83
Q

what part of the skull does the ethmoid bone form?

A

the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits

84
Q

what 6 features does the vertebra have?

A
  • Body(centrum)
  • arch
  • foramen
  • Transverse processes
  • Spinous process
  • Superior/inferior articular process
85
Q

What 2 bones do the ribs articulate with?

A

sternum
vertebral column

86
Q

How many true ribs?

A

7 pairs

87
Q

how many false ribs?

A

5 pair

88
Q

how many floating ribs?

A

2 pair

89
Q

what kind of cartilage are the ribs connected by?

A

costal cartilages

90
Q

What direction does each lie in relation to the posterior aspect of the body?

A

All the ribs articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward and toward the anterior body surface

91
Q

what are the 8 bones of the shoulder girdle?

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
92
Q

what are the 9 bones of the pelvic girdle?

A
  • coxal
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • femur
  • fibula
  • tibia
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
93
Q

What are the 6 differences between the female and male pelvic girdles?

A
  • The female inlet is larger and more circular.
  • pelvis is shallower
  • bones are lighter and thinner.
  • ilia flare more laterally
  • sacrum is shorter and less curved.
  • ischial spines are shorter and farther apart
  • pubic arch is more rounded

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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