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Anatomy & Physiology > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

study of matter and how that matter interacts with other matter

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2
Q

Define Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

What does Chemistry study?

A

the nature of matter—how its building blocks are put together and how they interact

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4
Q

Define Element

A

pure substance that cannot be seperated into different substances

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5
Q

What are an atoms subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

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6
Q

Protons have what kind of charge?

A

positive

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7
Q

Neutrons have what kind of charge?

A

neutral, uncharged

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8
Q

Electrons have what kind of charge?

A

negative

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9
Q

____ and ____ are heavy particles and have approximately the same mass.

A

Protons and Neutrons

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10
Q

The ____ are heavy particles and have approximately the same mass

A

electrons

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11
Q

The proton is positioned where in the atom?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

The neutron is positioned where in the atom?

A

The nucleus

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13
Q

The electron is positioned where in the atom?

A

It orbits around the nucleus

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14
Q

Define Atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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15
Q

How many elements are there?`

A

118

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16
Q

Where are the Protons located in the atom?

A

The nucleus

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17
Q

Where are the neutrons located?

A

The nucleus

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18
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

in shells around the nucleus

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19
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds

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20
Q

Define Compound

A

substance that is composed of two or more atoms from different elements

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21
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and compound?

A

All compounds are molecules. All molecules are not compounds.

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22
Q

What is an Ion?

A

a charged atom, negative or positive

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23
Q

How does an Ion become charged?

A

when an atom loses or gains an electron it becomes charged

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24
Q

What is a positive charged Ion called?

A

Cations

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25
Q

What is a negative charged Ion called?

A

Anions

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26
Q

Name the three chemical bonds

A
  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • hydrogen
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27
Q

Define an Ionic bond

A

opposite ions make a molecule

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28
Q

Define a Covalent bond

A

the formation of a molecule by sharing electrons

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29
Q

Define a Hydrogen bond

A

when a positive Hydrogen atom is attracted to a negative one

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30
Q

Which bond is the weakest?

A

Hydrogen

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31
Q

Which bond is the strongest?

A

Covalent

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32
Q

How are bond formed and broken?

A

By different types of reactions

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33
Q

What are the four types of reactions?

A
  • Synthesis
  • Decomposition
  • Exchange
  • Reversible
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34
Q

What is a Synthesis reaction?

A

When two or more Ions or molecules make larger molecules. Anabolic reaction

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35
Q

What is a Decomposition reaction?

A

molecules broken down into smaller parts.

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36
Q

What is an Exchange reaction?

A

A decomposition reaction followed by a synthesis reaction equals two new products

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37
Q

What is a Reversible reaction?

A

can go in either direction

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38
Q

What is required or liberated when bonds are created or broken?

A

Energy in the form of heat

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39
Q

Define Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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40
Q

What are two types of metabolism?

A
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
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41
Q

What are two classes of chemicals in the body?

A
  • Inorganic
  • Organic
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42
Q

What are Inorganic chemicals?

A

lack carbon, smaller, and are held together by covalent or ionic bonds

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43
Q

What are Organic Chemicals?

A

contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and have covalent bonds

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44
Q

What are the 4 main types of inorganic substances found in the body?

A

Water
Salts
Bases
Acids

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45
Q

What’s the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?

A

Water

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46
Q

What accounts for 2/3 of the body’s weight?

A

water

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47
Q

What are the 4 vital properties of water?

A
  • High heat capacity
  • Polarity/Solvent problems
  • Chemical Reactivity
  • Cushioning
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48
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

water

49
Q

Define solvent

A

liquids or gases that dissolve smaller amounts of solutes

50
Q

Define Solutes

A

solids, liquids, or gases that are desolved by solvents

51
Q

What forms when a solute is very tiny?

A

A solution

52
Q

Define hydrolysis reactions

A

reactions that require water

53
Q

How do you know when the inorganic compound is an acid?

A

When it releases a hydrogen Ion

54
Q

How do you know when the inorganic compound is an base?

A

When it releases a hydroxyl Ion

55
Q

How do you know when the inorganic compound is an salts?

A

When it releases an Ion that isn’t a hydrogen or hydroxide Ion

56
Q

What does the pH scales measure?

A

relative concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluid

57
Q

In terms of pH, describe an acidic solution

A

has a greater amount of hydrogen ions and less hydroxyl ions

58
Q

In terms of pH, describe a base solution

A

has less amount of hydrogen ions but more hydroxyl ions

59
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer?

A

to resist drastic changes in pH

60
Q

Define polymer

A

chainlike molecules made of similar or repeating monomers

61
Q

Which molecules are polymers?

A

carbohydrates and proteins

62
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

monomers become polymers by removing water molecules

63
Q

Define hydrolysis reaction

A

polymers become monomers by adding water

64
Q

What are the chemical compositions of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

65
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

66
Q

Give examples of carbohydrates

A
  • sugar
  • glycogen
  • starches
  • cellulose
67
Q

Define Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, single chain

68
Q

How many carbon atoms does a monosaccharide contain?

A

3 to 7 carbon atoms

69
Q

Define a Disaccharide

A

two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

70
Q

What is too large to pass through a cell membrane?

A

Disaccharides

71
Q

What is a nonpolar molecule?

A

electrons shared equally between atoms

72
Q

If a molecule is nonpolar what is it considered?

A

neutral

73
Q

Is nonpolar charged or not charged?

A

not charged

74
Q

Is polar charged or not charged?

A

charged

75
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

electrons are not shared equally between the atoms

76
Q

What is the chemical composition of a lipid?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate

77
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Glycerol backbone, 3 fatty acids

78
Q

Give examples of lipids

A
  • Fats
  • Oils:
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
79
Q

Does cholesterol make steroids?

A

yes

80
Q

Where are triglycerides found?

A

fat deposits

81
Q

What’s a source of stored energy?

A

Triglycerides

82
Q

Where do saturated fats come from?

A

animals

83
Q

Where do unsaturated fats come from?

A

plants

84
Q

which one has a single covalent bond, saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

saturated fats

85
Q

What has one or more double covalent bond, saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated

86
Q

How many fatty acids do phospholipids contain?

A

two

87
Q

How many fatty acids do triglycerides contain?

A

three

88
Q

How many fatty acids do triglycerides contain?

A

three

89
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

water fearing

90
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

water loving

91
Q

The pholipids head interact with ____ and ____ and the tail do not

A

water, ions

92
Q

What is formed of four interlocking rings?

A

steroids

93
Q

What is this?

A

Cholesterol

94
Q

What is the chemical composition of protein?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfar

95
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

Amino acids

96
Q

Give examples of protein

A
  • Keratin
  • Antibodies
  • Muscle
  • Collagen
  • Enzymes
97
Q

If a compound contains fewer than 50 amino acids, it’s what?

A

a polypeptides

98
Q

If a compound contains more than 50 amino acids, it’s a what?

A

a protein

99
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Polypeptide chain

100
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or unsoluble?

A

unsoluble

101
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

`

A

The alpha-helix and beta pleated sheet

102
Q

In the quaternary structure what does it consist of?

A

two or more polypeptide chains

103
Q

What monomer is this?

A

A monosaccharide Protein

104
Q

What monomer is this?

A

Disaccharide Protein

105
Q

What monomer is this?

A

Polysaccharide Protein

106
Q

What structure level in the Protein is this?

A

Primary structure

107
Q

What structure level in the protein is this?

A

the secondary level

108
Q

What structure level in the protein is this?

A

Tertiary structure

109
Q

What structure level in the protein is this?

A

Quarternary structure

110
Q

What are the chemical composition of Nucleic Acid?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and phosphorus

111
Q

What is the largest molecule in the body?

A

Nucleic Acid

112
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

113
Q

Examples of nucleic acid

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • ATP
114
Q

What three parts does a nucleotide carry?

A
  • A nitrogenous base
  • Pentose sugar
  • A phosphate group
115
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
116
Q

What’s the sugar of DNA?

A

deoxyribose

117
Q

What is the sugar of RNA?

A

ribose

118
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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