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Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 parts is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones situated in the long axis of the body

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3
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones that are appended to the axial skeleton i.e the limbs

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4
Q

Are the bones of the head and neck appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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5
Q

Are the bones of the upper limb and upper limb girdle appendicular or axial?

A

Appendicular

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6
Q

Are the bones forming the thorax appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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7
Q

Are the bones of the abdomen and pelvis appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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8
Q

Are the bones of the lower limb and lower limb girdle appendicular or axial?

A

Appendicular

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9
Q

What makes up the upper limb girdle?

A

Clavicle

Scapular

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10
Q

What makes up the lower limb girdle?

A

Pubic Symphysis
Hipbones
Sacrum

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11
Q

What is the job of the upper limb girdle?

A

To connect the arms to the axial skeleton

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12
Q

What is the job of the lower limb girdle?

A

To connect the legs to the axial skeleton

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13
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

To give structural support

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14
Q

What structural structures are found in compact bone?

A

Haversian structures

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15
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Facilitates the movement of nutrients

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16
Q

Is compact bone softer or harder?

A

Harder

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17
Q

Is spongy bone softer or harder?

A

Softer

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18
Q

What is compact bone surrounded by?

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

To support bone health and development

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20
Q

What occurs at the epiphyseal plate?

A

Site of growth

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21
Q

How do bones grow with appositional growth?

A

They grow in width and thickness

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22
Q

How do bones grow with intersitial growth?

A

They grow in length

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23
Q

What kind of bone gives rise to appositional growth?

A

Compact bone

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24
Q

What kind of bone gives rise to intersitial growth?

A

Spongy bone

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25
Where do cells divide in intersitial growth?
In the growth plate
26
What shape do short bones have?
Cuboidal
27
Where are short bones found?
Ankels (tarsus) and wrists (carpus)
28
What is the usual function of flat bones?
Protective reasons
29
Where are flat bone found?
Skull, ribs
30
What shape do mandible bones have?
Various shapes
31
Where are mandible bones found?
Face, vertebrae, mandible (jaw)
32
What is a condyle?
Smooth projection
33
What is a tuberosity?
Rough projection
34
What controls joint movement?
Tendons
35
What controls joint stability?
Ligaments
36
What is a ligament?
Where 2 bones articulate
37
What is the usual purpose of a tuberosity?
Usually serving for attachment of muscles or ligaments
38
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression in the bone
39
What is a spine?
Sharp projection
40
What a foramina?
Very small holes
41
What is the function of foramina?
Allowing things to get through | - arteries, nerves and nutrients
42
What is intramembraneous ossification?
When membrane becomes replaced by bone
43
What is endochondrial ossification?
When hyaline cartilage becomes replace by bone
44
In what bones does intramembraneous ossification occur?
Flat bones of the skull | Face, jaw (mandible)
45
In what bones does endochondrial ossification occur?
All the other bones
46
What are the 3 broad classes of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
47
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary - synchondroses | Secondary - symphyses
48
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Gomphosis Sutures Syndesmosis
49
Where are sutures found?
In the skull
50
What are gomphosis?
Peg like process fits | Like tooth in socket
51
What are syndesmosis?
Bones that are joined by a sheet like fibrous tissue
52
Give an example of a syndesmosis joint?
Radial and ulnar joint
53
Dy synchondroses ossify?
Yes
54
How many different types of cartilage do primary cartilaginous joints contain?
1
55
How many different types of cartilage do secondary cartilaginous joints contain?
2
56
What happens eventually to the cartilage in primary joints?
It disappears
57
Do symphises ossify?
No
58
What is the order from bone to bone of cartilage in primary joints?
Bone - hyaline cartilage - bone
59
What is the order from bone to bone of cartilage in secondary joints?
Bone - hyaline - fibrous - hyaline - bone
60
What are the 4 main characteristics of a synovial joint?
An outer fibrous capsule An inner synovial membrane Space filled with synovial fluid Supporting hyaline located around the joint
61
Which class of joint has the greatest movement?
Synovial
62
Why is synovial fluid important?
It is important for lubricating the joint
63
What is the shoulder joint?
Synovial ball and socket
64
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial hynge
65
What type of joint is the clavicle joint?
Plane
66
What is normal variation?
Variation that exists between individuals and genders
67
What is anatomical anomaly?
Structural abnormality or a marked deviation from the average or normal standard
68
How is the sacrum positioned in females?
Tilted backwards
69
How is the sacrum positioned in men?
Tilted forwards
70
Do females have brow ridges?
No
71
Do males have brow ridges?
Yes
72
What is the differences in mastoid processes between males and females?
Females - small | Males - larger
73
What are the natural differences between males and females known as?
Sexual dimorphism
74
What is Hiltons law?
A nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint must innervate this joint
75
What is characteristic about a CT scan?
White bone Dark fat Hood for looking at bones
76
What is characteristic about an MRI scan?
White fat Dark bone Good for looking at tissues
77
From what plane are CT scans taken from?
Transverse plane
78
From what plane are MRI scans taken from?
No plane specifically it can be taken from all angles
79
What are ultrasound scans used to view?
Organs | A fetus
80
What is T2 MRI?
Used to view fluid | A fat suppression sequence is used
81
What is the epiphyses composed of?
Spongy bone
82
What is the diaphysis composed of?
Compact bone
83
What is the humerus?
The arm bone
84
What is the radius and ulna?
The lower arm bones
85
What do you look out for when identifying compact bone histology?
Harvesian canals
86
What is a joint?
The articulation of two rigid structures
87
Are primary cartilaginous movable?
Usually immovable
88
Do synovial joints move?
Yes- very movable
89
What is an example of an irregular bone?
Vertebra
90
What is an example of a flat bone?
Skull bone
91
Where are the short bones found?
Carpal | Tarsal
92
What 3 main cells make up bone?
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
93
What membrane covers bone?
Periosteum
94
What membrane covers the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
95
What articulates at the condyle?
Bone to bone
96
What articulates at the epicondyle?
Bone to tendon | Bone to ligament
97
What kind of joint is the intervertebral discs?
Secondary cartilaginous
98
What type of joint is the shoulder and hip joint?
Synovial ball and socket
99
What type of joint is the elbow and knee joint?
Synovial hinge
100
What type of joint is the superior radioulnar?
Pivot
101
What tissue is a muscle tendon composed of?
Dense regular

Anatomy (6 decks)

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