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Anatomy > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 parts is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones situated in the long axis of the body

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3
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones that are appended to the axial skeleton i.e the limbs

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4
Q

Are the bones of the head and neck appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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5
Q

Are the bones of the upper limb and upper limb girdle appendicular or axial?

A

Appendicular

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6
Q

Are the bones forming the thorax appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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7
Q

Are the bones of the abdomen and pelvis appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

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8
Q

Are the bones of the lower limb and lower limb girdle appendicular or axial?

A

Appendicular

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9
Q

What makes up the upper limb girdle?

A

Clavicle

Scapular

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10
Q

What makes up the lower limb girdle?

A

Pubic Symphysis
Hipbones
Sacrum

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11
Q

What is the job of the upper limb girdle?

A

To connect the arms to the axial skeleton

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12
Q

What is the job of the lower limb girdle?

A

To connect the legs to the axial skeleton

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13
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

To give structural support

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14
Q

What structural structures are found in compact bone?

A

Haversian structures

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15
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Facilitates the movement of nutrients

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16
Q

Is compact bone softer or harder?

A

Harder

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17
Q

Is spongy bone softer or harder?

A

Softer

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18
Q

What is compact bone surrounded by?

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

To support bone health and development

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20
Q

What occurs at the epiphyseal plate?

A

Site of growth

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21
Q

How do bones grow with appositional growth?

A

They grow in width and thickness

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22
Q

How do bones grow with intersitial growth?

A

They grow in length

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23
Q

What kind of bone gives rise to appositional growth?

A

Compact bone

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24
Q

What kind of bone gives rise to intersitial growth?

A

Spongy bone

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25
Q

Where do cells divide in intersitial growth?

A

In the growth plate

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26
Q

What shape do short bones have?

A

Cuboidal

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27
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

Ankels (tarsus) and wrists (carpus)

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28
Q

What is the usual function of flat bones?

A

Protective reasons

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29
Q

Where are flat bone found?

A

Skull, ribs

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30
Q

What shape do mandible bones have?

A

Various shapes

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31
Q

Where are mandible bones found?

A

Face, vertebrae, mandible (jaw)

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32
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Smooth projection

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33
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Rough projection

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34
Q

What controls joint movement?

A

Tendons

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35
Q

What controls joint stability?

A

Ligaments

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36
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Where 2 bones articulate

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37
Q

What is the usual purpose of a tuberosity?

A

Usually serving for attachment of muscles or ligaments

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38
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Shallow depression in the bone

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39
Q

What is a spine?

A

Sharp projection

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40
Q

What a foramina?

A

Very small holes

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41
Q

What is the function of foramina?

A

Allowing things to get through

- arteries, nerves and nutrients

42
Q

What is intramembraneous ossification?

A

When membrane becomes replaced by bone

43
Q

What is endochondrial ossification?

A

When hyaline cartilage becomes replace by bone

44
Q

In what bones does intramembraneous ossification occur?

A

Flat bones of the skull

Face, jaw (mandible)

45
Q

In what bones does endochondrial ossification occur?

A

All the other bones

46
Q

What are the 3 broad classes of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

47
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary - synchondroses

Secondary - symphyses

48
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Gomphosis
Sutures
Syndesmosis

49
Q

Where are sutures found?

A

In the skull

50
Q

What are gomphosis?

A

Peg like process fits

Like tooth in socket

51
Q

What are syndesmosis?

A

Bones that are joined by a sheet like fibrous tissue

52
Q

Give an example of a syndesmosis joint?

A

Radial and ulnar joint

53
Q

Dy synchondroses ossify?

A

Yes

54
Q

How many different types of cartilage do primary cartilaginous joints contain?

A

1

55
Q

How many different types of cartilage do secondary cartilaginous joints contain?

A

2

56
Q

What happens eventually to the cartilage in primary joints?

A

It disappears

57
Q

Do symphises ossify?

A

No

58
Q

What is the order from bone to bone of cartilage in primary joints?

A

Bone - hyaline cartilage - bone

59
Q

What is the order from bone to bone of cartilage in secondary joints?

A

Bone - hyaline - fibrous - hyaline - bone

60
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

An outer fibrous capsule
An inner synovial membrane
Space filled with synovial fluid
Supporting hyaline located around the joint

61
Q

Which class of joint has the greatest movement?

A

Synovial

62
Q

Why is synovial fluid important?

A

It is important for lubricating the joint

63
Q

What is the shoulder joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

64
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial hynge

65
Q

What type of joint is the clavicle joint?

A

Plane

66
Q

What is normal variation?

A

Variation that exists between individuals and genders

67
Q

What is anatomical anomaly?

A

Structural abnormality or a marked deviation from the average or normal standard

68
Q

How is the sacrum positioned in females?

A

Tilted backwards

69
Q

How is the sacrum positioned in men?

A

Tilted forwards

70
Q

Do females have brow ridges?

A

No

71
Q

Do males have brow ridges?

A

Yes

72
Q

What is the differences in mastoid processes between males and females?

A

Females - small

Males - larger

73
Q

What are the natural differences between males and females known as?

A

Sexual dimorphism

74
Q

What is Hiltons law?

A

A nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint must innervate this joint

75
Q

What is characteristic about a CT scan?

A

White bone
Dark fat
Hood for looking at bones

76
Q

What is characteristic about an MRI scan?

A

White fat
Dark bone
Good for looking at tissues

77
Q

From what plane are CT scans taken from?

A

Transverse plane

78
Q

From what plane are MRI scans taken from?

A

No plane specifically it can be taken from all angles

79
Q

What are ultrasound scans used to view?

A

Organs

A fetus

80
Q

What is T2 MRI?

A

Used to view fluid

A fat suppression sequence is used

81
Q

What is the epiphyses composed of?

A

Spongy bone

82
Q

What is the diaphysis composed of?

A

Compact bone

83
Q

What is the humerus?

A

The arm bone

84
Q

What is the radius and ulna?

A

The lower arm bones

85
Q

What do you look out for when identifying compact bone histology?

A

Harvesian canals

86
Q

What is a joint?

A

The articulation of two rigid structures

87
Q

Are primary cartilaginous movable?

A

Usually immovable

88
Q

Do synovial joints move?

A

Yes- very movable

89
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

Vertebra

90
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

Skull bone

91
Q

Where are the short bones found?

A

Carpal

Tarsal

92
Q

What 3 main cells make up bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

93
Q

What membrane covers bone?

A

Periosteum

94
Q

What membrane covers the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

95
Q

What articulates at the condyle?

A

Bone to bone

96
Q

What articulates at the epicondyle?

A

Bone to tendon

Bone to ligament

97
Q

What kind of joint is the intervertebral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

98
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder and hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

99
Q

What type of joint is the elbow and knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge

100
Q

What type of joint is the superior radioulnar?

A

Pivot

101
Q

What tissue is a muscle tendon composed of?

A

Dense regular

Anatomy (6 decks)

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