Skeletal System and Muscular System Flashcards
Diaphysis
The shaft of long bone
Calcium compound
Compounds that are deposited in the intercellular matrix
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts, make chains
Osteoblasts
Build bone tissue
Osteoclasts
Breakdown of bone tissue, active in resorption.
Osseous tissue
Compact (exterior)
Spongy (interior)
Epiphyseal plate
Centers for secondary growth
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone that stimulates osteoclasts activity
Functions of bone markings
General shape, bones have other distinguished features or bone markings.
Five region of vertebral column
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
4 regions of appendicular region
The shoulder griddle, the upper extremity, the lower extremity, the pelvic bone
Five categories of bone disorders
Metabolic, tumor, infections, structural, fractures
Most freely movable joint
Diarthrosis Orsynovial
Most comminn type of join disorder?
Arthritis
Arthroscope
used to examin and repair joints.
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone.
Red bone marrow makes?
RBC
Periosteum
Bones are covered by a connective tissue membrane
Condyle
Rounded bony projection
Endosteum
membrane that lines the bone marrow cavity
Head
rounded nod like
Process
large projection of a bone
Crest
Distinct boarder or ridge.
Spine
Sharp projection
Foremen
Holes that allow a vessel or a nerve to pass through
Sinus
Cavity, air filled
Fossa
depression of the bone surface
Meatus
short channel
Frontal bone
Single bone that forms the forehead
Parietal bone
Paired bones most of the top and the side of cranium
Temporal bone
Paired bones that form the side and the base of the skull
Etmoid bone
single bones between the eyes orbits forming the superior part of the septum
Sphenoid bone
Single bone at the base of the skull
Occipital bone
Single bone that is posterior to the skull and base
Mandible
single bone that forms the lower jaw
Maxilla
Paired bones that forms the upper jaw and the inferior hard palette
Zygomatic bone
paired bones that form the cheek
Nasal bones
paired bones that form the bridge of the nose
Lacrimal bones
paired bones that form the interior eye orbit
Vomer
Single bone that forms the interior part of the nasal septum.
Palatine bones
Paired bones that form the posterior part of hard plate..
Inferior nasal conchae
Paired bones located in the lung of the nasal cavity
Ear ossicles
Tiny bones in the middle ear
Hyoid
U shaped bone sits just below the mandible
Coronal suture
Joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones
Squamous sutures
Joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
joins the occipital bone with the parietal bone
sagittal suture
two parietal bones along superior midline of the cranium
Fontanels
Are of the infant skull where the bone formation is incomplete.
Cervical vertebrae
C1-7 located in the neck
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-12 located in the chest.Larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae
Lumbar
L1-5 located in the small area of the back.
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
5 separate bones as a child and they use together for 1 bone as an adult
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
4-5 tiny bones as a child, together as 1 bone as an adult.
Primary curves
featus when they have concave like a letter c, fetal posistion
Secondary curve
When the infant begins an erect posture
Sternum
Breast bone
Clavicle
Collar bone, most frequent
broken bone
Scapula
Shoulder blade, anchor muscles the arm
Humerus
Joint with the scapula
Ulna-forearm
Lines with the pinky finger
Radius
forearm lies with the tumb.
Carpals
8 bones in the wrist
metacarpals
5 bones in the palm
Phalanges
14 bones in the fingers
Illium
upper flared portion, also called as the iliac crest
Ischium
Lowest and strongest part of the pelvic
Pubis
Anterior region of the pelvis
Femur
thigh bone
Patella
knee cap
tibia
medial bone of the leg
fibula
lateral bone of the leg
Tarsals
7 bones made up of the ankle and the foot.
The calcaneus
heel bone
Metatarsals
5 bones in the ball of the foot
Phalanges
14 bones in the toe
Osteoporosis
Lack of the normal calcium deposit
Osteitis deformans
Paget disease
Bening
Stiff
Osteosarcoma
Younger person around the knee
Chondrosarcome
Cartilage, typically will appear around mid life
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone cause by bacteria
Kyphosis
Exaggeration of the thoracic curve. hunchback
Lordosis
Excessive lumbar curve
Scoliosis
Lateral curve of the vertebral
Cleft palate
congenital deformity in the opening of the mouth.
Flat foot
The tendon and ligament that supports the foot are weak
Closed fracture
a simple bone fracture with no open wound.
Open fracture
Broken bone breaks through the skin
Green stick
(common in children) One side is broken and the other is bend
Impacted fracture
Broken ends of the bone that is jammed with each other.
Comminuted Fracture
More than one fracture line and the bone is crushed
Spiral fracture
Twists apart
Transverse fracture
Straight across the bone
Oblique fracture
Break occurs at an angle.
Fibrous Structural
No joint cavity
Cartilaginous
Cartilage between the bones
Synovial
Synovial fluid
Synarthrosis
Immovable
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bone
Joint capsule
Straighten and protect the joints
Articular cartilage
Protects the bone surface
Bursae
Small sac that is filled with synovial fluid
Flexion
Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones
Extension
Motion that increases the angle between the bones
Abduction
away from the midline
Adduction
towards the midline
Circumduction
Circular movement at a joint using all 4 angular
Rotation
twisting or turning of a pone on its own axis
Supination
Turning the palm up or forward
Pronation
turning the palm down or backwards
Inversion
turning the sole of the foot inwards so it faces the opposite foot
Eversion
sole of the foot outwards away from the body
Dorsiflexion
foot is bent upward at an angle
Plantar flexion
toes are pointed downwards
Gliding
flat bones that slide over one another
Hinge
movement in one direction
Pivot
rotation around the length of the bone
Condyloid
movement in two directions,, flexion and extension is one. Abduction and adduction
Saddle
Movement in 3 directions, rotation, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
Ball and socket
greatest range of motion
Dislocation
Disarrangement of the joint parts
Sprain
rupture or tear of the ligament
Herniated disk
Area is weak putting pressure from the spinal cord
Artritis
Inflammation of the joints
Osteoarthritis
(elderly) everyday wear and tear of the body
Rheumatoid arthritis
joint swelling in the hands and feet
Septic arthritis
bacteria that involves tissue obtained by the blood steam
Gout
Uric acid accumulating around the joints
Arthrocentesis
Procedure that they are inserting a needle to the joint to remove fluids.
Arthroplasty
Joint replacement
Arthroscopy
using a lighted instrument to examine the injured joints from the outside.
Effects of aging (bone)
loss of calcium salts
Weakening of bone
Decrease in height
Effects of aging (joints)
Thinning of cartilage
Decreased flexibility
3 types of muscles?
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
3 main functions of skeletal muscle
Movement of the skeleton
maintenance of posture
generation of heat.
Fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
Myofibrals
Bundles of protein molecules within individual muscle fibers
Membrane potential
The difference in electrical charge on two sides of a plasma membrane
Neuromuscular junction
Special synapse where a nerve call makes contact with a muscle cell
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter is involve in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells
What mineral is needed for interaction of the contractile filaments?
Actin, myosin, atp, and calcium
ATP
compound that is formed in oxidation of nutrients that supply the energy for muscle contraction
Myoglobin
compound stores reserves of O2 in muscle cells
Isotonic contraction
changes in length but not the tone of the muscle.
Isometric contraction
great increase in tension but not in muscle lenght
Origin attachment
less movable
Insertion attachment
it moves
Agonist
given action
Antagonist
opposite action
1st class lever
the fulcrum is located between the resistance.
2nd class lever
located between the fulcrum and the effort.
3rd class lever
effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum
The most important muscle for breathing
Diaphragm
Abdominal wall structural feature that give strength to the muscle?
Thin layers of muscle tissue with fibers running ini different directions.
Tendon
muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
Fibrous connective tissue
Synergist
Helps the primer mover
Orbicularis oculi
Location: circles of the eyelid Function: Closes the eye
Orbicularis ori
Location: encircles the mouth. Function:closes the lips
Levator palpebral superioris
Location: Posterior orbit to the upper eyelid. open the eye
Buccinator
Location- fleshy part of the cheek.
Functions- Flattens the cheek, helps with eating, whistling and blowing wind instruments.
Temporalis
Location: above and near the ear. Functions: Close the jaw
Masseter
Location: Angle of the jaw
Function- close the jaw
Intrinsic muscle
Location: Within the tongue
Function: Speaking, chewing, and shallowing
Extrinsic muscles
outside the tongue
Sternocleidomastoid
Location: Along the lateral neck to the mastoid process.
Function: Flexes the head, rotating to the opposite side of the muscle.
Trapezius
Location: Posterior neck and upper back to the clavicle and scapula
Function: Raises the shoulders
Latissimus Dorsi
Location: middle and the lower back to the humerus
Function: Extended and adduction the arm.
Pectoralis Major
Location: superior anterior chest to the humerus
Function: flex and adduct the arm
Serratus anterior
Location: Inferior to the axilla
Function: moves the shoulder forward,
Deltoid
Location: Covers the shoulder joint
Function: Abduct the arm as well flexing and extending the arm.
Rotator cuff
Surpraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
Biceps
Location: inferior arm, along the humerus to the radius
Function: Flexes the forearm supinating the forearm and the hand.
Brachialis
Location: deep to the biceps brachii, inserting to the inferior elbow joint.
Function: primary flexor of the forearm.
Brachioradialis
Location: lateral forearm from the distal end of humerus
Function: Flexes the forearm at the elbow.
Triceps brachii
Location: posterior arm to the ulna
Functions: extends the forearm to straighten the upper extremity
Flexor carpi muscles
Location: anterior forearm to the hand
Function: flex the hand
Extensor carpi muscle
Location: posterior forearm to hand
Function: extends the hand
Flexor digitorum
Location: Anterior forearm to the fingers
Function: flex the fingers
Extensor digitorum
Location: posterior forearm to the fingers
Function: extend the fingers.
Diaphragm
Location: Thoracic and abdominal cavity (dome shape)
Functions: Descends to enlarge the thoracic cavity from top to bottom.
External and Internal intercostal muscles
Location: Between the ribs
Function: elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity.
External oblique:
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Location: Anterior abdominal wall.
Function: Compresses the abdominal cavity to expel substances from the body.
Levator ani
Location: Pelvic floor
Function: help with defecation
Eractor spinae
Location: Vertical muscle between the sacrum and the skull
Function: Helps the vertebrae column to produce erect posture.
Gluteus maximus
Location: Superficial buttock to the femur
Function: extend the thigh
Gluteus medius
Location: Deep buttock to the femur
Function: Abducts the thigh
Iliopsoas
Location: process the interior hip joint to the femur
Function: flexes the thigh
Adductor muscles
longus
magnus
Location: medial thigh to the femur
Function: presses the thigh together
Sartorius
Location: Crosses the anterior thigh
Function: Flexes the thigh and leg allows the legs to cross
Gracilis
Location: Pubic bone to the medial bone to the tibia
Function: adduct the thigh and the hip.
Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedius
Location: anterior thigh to the tibia
Function: extend the leg
Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
Location: posterior thigh the ischium and the femur to the tibia and fibula
Function: flex the leg at the knee, extend and thigh and the hip.
Muscles that move the foot
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Location: Interior and lateral to the leg
Function: Dorsiflex to the foot at the ankle
Fibularis longus
Location: Lateral leg to the foot
Function: Evert the sole of the foot outward