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Integrated Science > Skeletal System and Muscular System > Flashcards

Skeletal System and Muscular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of long bone

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2
Q

Calcium compound

A

Compounds that are deposited in the intercellular matrix

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts, make chains

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone tissue

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Breakdown of bone tissue, active in resorption.

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6
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Compact (exterior)

Spongy (interior)

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7
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Centers for secondary growth

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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone that stimulates osteoclasts activity

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9
Q

Functions of bone markings

A

General shape, bones have other distinguished features or bone markings.

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10
Q

Five region of vertebral column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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11
Q

4 regions of appendicular region

A

The shoulder griddle, the upper extremity, the lower extremity, the pelvic bone

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12
Q

Five categories of bone disorders

A

Metabolic, tumor, infections, structural, fractures

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13
Q

Most freely movable joint

A

Diarthrosis Orsynovial

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14
Q

Most comminn type of join disorder?

A

Arthritis

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15
Q

Arthroscope

A

used to examin and repair joints.

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16
Q

Osteon

A

structural unit of compact bone.

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17
Q

Red bone marrow makes?

A

RBC

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

Bones are covered by a connective tissue membrane

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19
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded bony projection

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane that lines the bone marrow cavity

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21
Q

Head

A

rounded nod like

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22
Q

Process

A

large projection of a bone

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23
Q

Crest

A

Distinct boarder or ridge.

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24
Q

Spine

A

Sharp projection

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25
Q

Foremen

A

Holes that allow a vessel or a nerve to pass through

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26
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity, air filled

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27
Q

Fossa

A

depression of the bone surface

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28
Q

Meatus

A

short channel

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29
Q

Frontal bone

A

Single bone that forms the forehead

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30
Q

Parietal bone

A

Paired bones most of the top and the side of cranium

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31
Q

Temporal bone

A

Paired bones that form the side and the base of the skull

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32
Q

Etmoid bone

A

single bones between the eyes orbits forming the superior part of the septum

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33
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Single bone at the base of the skull

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34
Q

Occipital bone

A

Single bone that is posterior to the skull and base

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35
Q

Mandible

A

single bone that forms the lower jaw

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36
Q

Maxilla

A

Paired bones that forms the upper jaw and the inferior hard palette

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37
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

paired bones that form the cheek

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38
Q

Nasal bones

A

paired bones that form the bridge of the nose

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39
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

paired bones that form the interior eye orbit

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40
Q

Vomer

A

Single bone that forms the interior part of the nasal septum.

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41
Q

Palatine bones

A

Paired bones that form the posterior part of hard plate..

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42
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

Paired bones located in the lung of the nasal cavity

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43
Q

Ear ossicles

A

Tiny bones in the middle ear

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44
Q

Hyoid

A

U shaped bone sits just below the mandible

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45
Q

Coronal suture

A

Joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

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46
Q

Squamous sutures

A

Joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone

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47
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

joins the occipital bone with the parietal bone

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48
Q

sagittal suture

A

two parietal bones along superior midline of the cranium

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49
Q

Fontanels

A

Are of the infant skull where the bone formation is incomplete.

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50
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-7 located in the neck

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51
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-12 located in the chest.Larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae

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52
Q

Lumbar

A

L1-5 located in the small area of the back.

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53
Q

Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

A

5 separate bones as a child and they use together for 1 bone as an adult

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54
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

A

4-5 tiny bones as a child, together as 1 bone as an adult.

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55
Q

Primary curves

A

featus when they have concave like a letter c, fetal posistion

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56
Q

Secondary curve

A

When the infant begins an erect posture

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57
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone

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58
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone, most frequent

broken bone

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59
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade, anchor muscles the arm

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60
Q

Humerus

A

Joint with the scapula

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61
Q

Ulna-forearm

A

Lines with the pinky finger

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62
Q

Radius

A

forearm lies with the tumb.

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63
Q

Carpals

A

8 bones in the wrist

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64
Q

metacarpals

A

5 bones in the palm

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65
Q

Phalanges

A

14 bones in the fingers

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66
Q

Illium

A

upper flared portion, also called as the iliac crest

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67
Q

Ischium

A

Lowest and strongest part of the pelvic

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68
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior region of the pelvis

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69
Q

Femur

A

thigh bone

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70
Q

Patella

A

knee cap

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71
Q

tibia

A

medial bone of the leg

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72
Q

fibula

A

lateral bone of the leg

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73
Q

Tarsals

A

7 bones made up of the ankle and the foot.

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74
Q

The calcaneus

A

heel bone

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75
Q

Metatarsals

A

5 bones in the ball of the foot

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76
Q

Phalanges

A

14 bones in the toe

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77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Lack of the normal calcium deposit

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78
Q

Osteitis deformans

A

Paget disease

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79
Q

Bening

A

Stiff

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80
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Younger person around the knee

81
Q

Chondrosarcome

A

Cartilage, typically will appear around mid life

82
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone cause by bacteria

83
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggeration of the thoracic curve. hunchback

84
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive lumbar curve

85
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curve of the vertebral

86
Q

Cleft palate

A

congenital deformity in the opening of the mouth.

87
Q

Flat foot

A

The tendon and ligament that supports the foot are weak

88
Q

Closed fracture

A

a simple bone fracture with no open wound.

89
Q

Open fracture

A

Broken bone breaks through the skin

90
Q

Green stick

A

(common in children) One side is broken and the other is bend

91
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Broken ends of the bone that is jammed with each other.

92
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

More than one fracture line and the bone is crushed

93
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Twists apart

94
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Straight across the bone

95
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Break occurs at an angle.

96
Q

Fibrous Structural

A

No joint cavity

97
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Cartilage between the bones

98
Q

Synovial

A

Synovial fluid

99
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable

100
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

101
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable

102
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bone

103
Q

Joint capsule

A

Straighten and protect the joints

104
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Protects the bone surface

105
Q

Bursae

A

Small sac that is filled with synovial fluid

106
Q

Flexion

A

Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones

107
Q

Extension

A

Motion that increases the angle between the bones

108
Q

Abduction

A

away from the midline

109
Q

Adduction

A

towards the midline

110
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement at a joint using all 4 angular

111
Q

Rotation

A

twisting or turning of a pone on its own axis

112
Q

Supination

A

Turning the palm up or forward

113
Q

Pronation

A

turning the palm down or backwards

114
Q

Inversion

A

turning the sole of the foot inwards so it faces the opposite foot

115
Q

Eversion

A

sole of the foot outwards away from the body

116
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

foot is bent upward at an angle

117
Q

Plantar flexion

A

toes are pointed downwards

118
Q

Gliding

A

flat bones that slide over one another

119
Q

Hinge

A

movement in one direction

120
Q

Pivot

A

rotation around the length of the bone

121
Q

Condyloid

A

movement in two directions,, flexion and extension is one. Abduction and adduction

122
Q

Saddle

A

Movement in 3 directions, rotation, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

123
Q

Ball and socket

A

greatest range of motion

124
Q

Dislocation

A

Disarrangement of the joint parts

125
Q

Sprain

A

rupture or tear of the ligament

126
Q

Herniated disk

A

Area is weak putting pressure from the spinal cord

127
Q

Artritis

A

Inflammation of the joints

128
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

(elderly) everyday wear and tear of the body

129
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

joint swelling in the hands and feet

130
Q

Septic arthritis

A

bacteria that involves tissue obtained by the blood steam

131
Q

Gout

A

Uric acid accumulating around the joints

132
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Procedure that they are inserting a needle to the joint to remove fluids.

133
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Joint replacement

134
Q

Arthroscopy

A

using a lighted instrument to examine the injured joints from the outside.

135
Q

Effects of aging (bone)

A

loss of calcium salts
Weakening of bone
Decrease in height

136
Q

Effects of aging (joints)

A

Thinning of cartilage

Decreased flexibility

137
Q

3 types of muscles?

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

138
Q

3 main functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement of the skeleton
maintenance of posture
generation of heat.

139
Q

Fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

140
Q

Myofibrals

A

Bundles of protein molecules within individual muscle fibers

141
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge on two sides of a plasma membrane

142
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Special synapse where a nerve call makes contact with a muscle cell

143
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter is involve in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells

144
Q

What mineral is needed for interaction of the contractile filaments?

A

Actin, myosin, atp, and calcium

145
Q

ATP

A

compound that is formed in oxidation of nutrients that supply the energy for muscle contraction

146
Q

Myoglobin

A

compound stores reserves of O2 in muscle cells

147
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

changes in length but not the tone of the muscle.

148
Q

Isometric contraction

A

great increase in tension but not in muscle lenght

149
Q

Origin attachment

A

less movable

150
Q

Insertion attachment

A

it moves

151
Q

Agonist

A

given action

152
Q

Antagonist

A

opposite action

153
Q

1st class lever

A

the fulcrum is located between the resistance.

154
Q

2nd class lever

A

located between the fulcrum and the effort.

155
Q

3rd class lever

A

effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum

156
Q

The most important muscle for breathing

A

Diaphragm

157
Q

Abdominal wall structural feature that give strength to the muscle?

A

Thin layers of muscle tissue with fibers running ini different directions.

158
Q

Tendon

A

muscle to bone

159
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Fibrous connective tissue

160
Q

Synergist

A

Helps the primer mover

161
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Location: circles of the eyelid Function: Closes the eye

162
Q

Orbicularis ori

A

Location: encircles the mouth. Function:closes the lips

163
Q

Levator palpebral superioris

A

Location: Posterior orbit to the upper eyelid. open the eye

164
Q

Buccinator

A

Location- fleshy part of the cheek.

Functions- Flattens the cheek, helps with eating, whistling and blowing wind instruments.

165
Q

Temporalis

A

Location: above and near the ear. Functions: Close the jaw

166
Q

Masseter

A

Location: Angle of the jaw

Function- close the jaw

167
Q

Intrinsic muscle

A

Location: Within the tongue
Function: Speaking, chewing, and shallowing

168
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

outside the tongue

169
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Location: Along the lateral neck to the mastoid process.
Function: Flexes the head, rotating to the opposite side of the muscle.

170
Q

Trapezius

A

Location: Posterior neck and upper back to the clavicle and scapula
Function: Raises the shoulders

171
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Location: middle and the lower back to the humerus
Function: Extended and adduction the arm.

172
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

Location: superior anterior chest to the humerus
Function: flex and adduct the arm

173
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Location: Inferior to the axilla
Function: moves the shoulder forward,

174
Q

Deltoid

A

Location: Covers the shoulder joint
Function: Abduct the arm as well flexing and extending the arm.

175
Q

Rotator cuff

A

Surpraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

176
Q

Biceps

A

Location: inferior arm, along the humerus to the radius
Function: Flexes the forearm supinating the forearm and the hand.

177
Q

Brachialis

A

Location: deep to the biceps brachii, inserting to the inferior elbow joint.
Function: primary flexor of the forearm.

178
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Location: lateral forearm from the distal end of humerus
Function: Flexes the forearm at the elbow.

179
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Location: posterior arm to the ulna
Functions: extends the forearm to straighten the upper extremity

180
Q

Flexor carpi muscles

A

Location: anterior forearm to the hand
Function: flex the hand

181
Q

Extensor carpi muscle

A

Location: posterior forearm to hand
Function: extends the hand

182
Q

Flexor digitorum

A

Location: Anterior forearm to the fingers
Function: flex the fingers

183
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Location: posterior forearm to the fingers
Function: extend the fingers.

184
Q

Diaphragm

A

Location: Thoracic and abdominal cavity (dome shape)
Functions: Descends to enlarge the thoracic cavity from top to bottom.

185
Q

External and Internal intercostal muscles

A

Location: Between the ribs
Function: elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity.

186
Q

External oblique:
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

A

Location: Anterior abdominal wall.
Function: Compresses the abdominal cavity to expel substances from the body.

187
Q

Levator ani

A

Location: Pelvic floor
Function: help with defecation

188
Q

Eractor spinae

A

Location: Vertical muscle between the sacrum and the skull
Function: Helps the vertebrae column to produce erect posture.

189
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Location: Superficial buttock to the femur
Function: extend the thigh

190
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Location: Deep buttock to the femur
Function: Abducts the thigh

191
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Location: process the interior hip joint to the femur
Function: flexes the thigh

192
Q

Adductor muscles
longus
magnus

A

Location: medial thigh to the femur
Function: presses the thigh together

193
Q

Sartorius

A

Location: Crosses the anterior thigh
Function: Flexes the thigh and leg allows the legs to cross

194
Q

Gracilis

A

Location: Pubic bone to the medial bone to the tibia
Function: adduct the thigh and the hip.

195
Q 
Quadriceps femoris 
Rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
A

Location: anterior thigh to the tibia
Function: extend the leg

196
Q

Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

A

Location: posterior thigh the ischium and the femur to the tibia and fibula
Function: flex the leg at the knee, extend and thigh and the hip.

197
Q

Muscles that move the foot
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior

A

Location: Interior and lateral to the leg
Function: Dorsiflex to the foot at the ankle

198
Q

Fibularis longus

A

Location: Lateral leg to the foot
Function: Evert the sole of the foot outward

Integrated Science (7 decks)

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