Exam #5 Flashcards
3 functions of digestive system
Absorption, digestion, elimination
Digestive tract
Continuous passage way begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
Peritoneum
Thin shiny serous membrane that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Covers the organ
Mesentery
Double layer of the paretenium. shapes like a fan.
Mesocolon
Extends from the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
Greater ommentum
Lower border of the stomach into the pelvic cavity
Mucosa (location and function)
mucosal membrane
Function: is to protect and secrets and absorbs.
Submucosa (location and function)
regulates the digestive juice and intestinal cell nourishment
Muscularis (location and function)
Motility, moves the food in the digestive tract. responsible for peristalsis.
Serosa (location and function)
Protect, support and be a separation between the organs.
The mouth
Oral cavity
Ingestion
receiving food
Mastication
Process of chewing
Starch digestion
saliva (mixes for food for lubrication)
Deglutition
Process of moving the amount of food towards the throat.
The tounge
Muscular organ that projects in the mouth, helps with chewing and swallowing.
Have surface receptors known as taste buds
Incisors
Cutting teeth, anterior part of the oral cavity
Cuspids
K9 deep roots used for tearing food
Premolars
Large grinding teeth (2)
Molars has how many teeth?
3
Dentin
Main substance of the tooth, calcified substance that is harder than bone.
Decidous
Baby teeth
Permanent
Adult 32
Third molars
Wisdom teeth
Gingiva
Gums
Enamel
Hardest substance of the body that covers the crown.
Root
Below the gum line that holds the tooth in place.
Orapharynx
Oral part of the pharynx, visible when you look at the mouth and depress the tongue.
Soft palate
Tissue that forms the posterior roof of the oral cavity
Uvulva
Soft flesh, v shape mask
The esophagus
10 inches of muscle tube, where food is lubricated with mucus and moves by peristalsis into the stomach.
Esophageal hiatus
Opening into the diaphragm.
Hiatal Hernia
Weakened area of the diaphragm
The stomach shape
J shape
Fundus
Superior rounded portion under the 1 side
Body
Largest part
Pylorus
Region of the stomach that leads to the small intestine.
Esophageal Spincher function
If it doesn’t relax we feel like we can’t swallow any food.
Pyloric spincher
The valve between the distal end of the stomach and the small intestine.
The inner most layer of the serous membrane in contact with abdominal organs
Visceral peritoneum
The subdivision of the peritoneum that extends from the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
Mesocolon
The epithelial tissue lining the esophagus
squamous epithelium
The type of epithelial tissue lining the stomach and intestine
Simple columnar epithelium
Rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mixes with food
Segmentation
The muscle layer found in the stomach
Oblique
The final and longest section of the small intestine
Illeum
The section of the small intestine that receives gastric juices and food from the stomach
Duodenum
The mixture of gastric juice and food that enters the small intestine
Chyme
Folds in the stomach that are absent if the stomach is full
Rugae
Folds in the intestinal mucosa that are always present
Jejunum
The part of the large intestine just proximal to the anus
Rectum
The blind tube attached to the first part of the large intestine
Vermiform appendix
The spincher that prevents food moving from the large intestine into the small intestine
Ileocecal valve
Finger-like extensions of the mucosa in the small intestine
Villi
A blinded-ended lymphatic vessel that absorbs fat
Lacteal
Bands of longitudinal muscle in the large intestine
Teniae coli
The portion of the large intestine that extends across the abdomen
Transverse colon
The most proximal part of the large intestine
Cecum
The gland that secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
Pancreas
An organ that stores nutrients and releases them as needed into the blood stream
Liver
The accessory organ that stores bile
Gallbladder
The salivary glands that are inferior and anterior to the ear
Parotid gland
Glands found just under the tongue and secrete into the oral cavity
Sublingual gland
A substance that emulsifies fat
Bile
The form in which gloucose is stored in the liver
Glycogen
A waste product produced from the destruction of RBC
Bilirubin
A waste product synthesized by the liver as a result of portent metabolism
Urea
The connecting hepatic duct to the gallbladder
Common hepatic duct
The duct that connects to the pancreatic duct
Common bile duct
The duct that carries bile from both lobes of the liver to the common bile duct
Cystic duct
What are four layers of the digestive tract
Mucosa, Submucosa, externa, serosa
Which form of motility occurs in the esophagus, in the small intestine?
Peristalsis, pigmentation
What type of food is digested in the stomach?
Protien
Function of small intestine
Secretion, motility, digestion and absorption
Functions of large intestine
Minimal digestion , Some water reabsorption, undigested food is stored and formed into feces.
What accessory organ secretes sodium bicarbonate, and what is the function of this substance in digestion?
The pancreas. It neutralizes the acidic chyme in the small intestine.
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism.
4 nutrients of enzymes: Lactose, small peptides, sucrose, maltose
What process means “splitting by means of water,” as in digestion?
Hydrolysis, water is added to compounds to split them into simpler building blocks.
Which organ produces the most complete digestive secretions?
The small intestine
What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
Hunger is when the body needs to refuel and need nutrients.
An appetite is to desire to eat.
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What are two forms of constipation?
Spastic constipation (intestinal musculature is overstimulated) Flaccid (lazy, atonic intestinal muscle. Usually in elderly and those who are in bed rest)
What is hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver may be caused by drugs, alcohol, or infection.
What is the common term for cholelithiasis?
Gallstone
Digest starch
Amylase
Begins protein digestion
Pepsin
Digest fats
Lipase
Splits protein into amino acids
Trypsin
Emulsifies fats
Bile salt
Which organ secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsin?
Stomach
Scientific name for tooth decay?
Caries
Digestion, step-by-step
digestion in the mouth starch digestion in the stomach protein digestion in the small intestine carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
increases activity
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Decreases activity
hormone that promotes secretion and motility
Gastrin
regulates hunger by responding to nutrients level in the blood.
Hypothalamus
hormone that helps weight control.
Leptin
chronic loss of appetite
Anorexia
the binge purge syndrome and use of laxatives, or vomit.
Bulimia
infection in the gums
Gingivitis
infection that involves gum tissue
Periodontitis
thick white patches on the mouth, being the mucous membranes, common in the smokers being cancerous.
Leukoplakia
inflammation of the parotid glands, (mumms)
Parotitis
over filling with meals high in fat.
GERD
unpleasant sensation that follows the irritation in the stomach or esophagus
Nausea
Pyloric stenosis
obstruction of the pyloric sphincter.
appendix inflammation
appendicitis-
inflammation of the distal small intestine
Crohn disease
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the ulceration of the colon and the rectum.
celiac disease
inability to tolerate gluten.
abnormal frequency of water bowel movements.
diarrhea-
hard stool or difficulty with defecation.
constipation
damages on the liver or blockage in the bile.
Jaundice
common in the portal, alcoholic cirrhosis. Active liver cells are replaced by scar tissue.
cirrhosis
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
virus in blood, body fluid, in can be in fecal (most relevant)
Hep B
Hep C
infected blood
Carbohydrates function
Provides energy
spares protein
Maintain normal fat metabolism
Provides fiber
simplest (single) form of CHO, absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine
Monosaccharides
Found in berries, grapes, sweet corn, and corn syrup
Glucose (dextrose)
Known as fruit sugar
- Found in ripe fruits and honey
- Sweetest of all monosaccharides
Fructose
double sugars must be broken down into simple sugars to be absorbed into the body.
Disaccharides
Composed of glucose and fructose.Source: sugar cane, sugar beets, sap of maple trees
Sucrose
Found in some infant formulas, malt beverage products, and beer. Not as sweet as glucose or sucrose
Maltose
Sugar found in milk, helps body absorb calcium
Lactose
Complex CHO that must be broken down into double then simple sugars to be absorbed into the body.
Polysaccharides
Found in grains and vegetables. Storage form of glucose in plants
Starch
Storage form of glucose in the body. Hormone glucagon helps liver convert to glucose as needed
Glycogen
Indigestible: cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes
Insoluble: does not readily dissolve in water
Soluble: partially dissolves in water
Fiber
Protein Function
Build and repair body tissue
Regulate body functions
Provide energy
Proteins are made of up of
Amino Acids
How many amino acids is there?
20
High quality
Contains 10 essential amino acids
Complete or high biological value
Lacks one or more amino acids
Cannot build tissue without the help of other proteins
Incomplete
Two or more incomplete proteins eaten in the same day to make complete protein (provide all the essential amino acids)
Complementary protein
Begins in the mouth
Teeth grind food into small pieces, type of digestion and digestion…
Mechanical digestion
Begins in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid prepares stomach
Pepsin reduces proteins to polypeptide, type of digestion and absorption…
Chemical digestion
10 or more amino acids bonded together In small intestine, pancreatic enzymes continue chemical digestion Absorption occurs through villi Carried by blood to all body tissues Type of digestion and absorption...
Polypeptides.
Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excreted
Protein Deficiency
Muscle wasting occurs
(protein in blood plasma) deficiency causes edema
Albumin
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Lack of protein and energy rich foods.
Affects very young children
Results from severe malnutrition
Marasmus
Affects children and adults
Results from sudden or recent lack of protein containing food
Kwashiorkor
Saturated fats and cholesterol found in complete proteins may contribute to heart disease
Protein excess
Fats/Lipids Function
provides energy and heat
fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K)
Fats in food that are purchased and used as fats
Butter, margarine, lard, cooking oils
Visible
Fats not immediately noticeable
Egg yolks, cheese, cream, salad dressing
Invinsible
ecessary fats that humans cannot synthesize; EFA are obtained through the diet
Essential fatty acids (EFA)
meat, poultry, egg yolks, whole milk, whole milk cheeses, cream, ice cream, butter, chocolate, coconut and palm oil.
Saturated fats
olive oil, canola oil, avocados, cashew nuts
Monosaturated
cooking oils made from sunflower, safflower, sesame seeds, corn or soybeans; soft margarine with liquid vegetable oil as major ingredient; fish
Polyunsaturated
baked goods and foods eaten in restaurants
Trans-fat
margarine and shortening
Hydrogenated fats
egg yolk, meats – especially fatty meats, skin of poultry, butter, cream, cheese, milk (not skim), organ meats
Cholesterol
Desirable total blood cholesterol level is
less than 200 mg/dl
Lipoproteins types
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
contains no calories, made from CHO and fats, can cause cramps and diarrhea
Olestra
made from egg white or milk protein, not available for home use
Simplesse
CHO based, used for baking but not frying
Oatrim
Vitamin Function
Regulate body process and help proteins to build and repair tissue
Types of Vitamins
Fat soluble and water soluble.
Increased need during pregnancy and periods of growth
Folic acid
Minerals
Regulating body processes. Body fluids, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, blood clotting and acid base balance
Major Minerals
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S)
Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chloride (Cl)
