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Integrated Science > Exam 2 (Chap 1,3,4,6,18) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chap 1,3,4,6,18) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy and physiology

A

Study of the structure and body functions

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2
Q

Define disease

A

Anything that is alters normal body structure and working of the body

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemicals
Cell- basic unit of life
Tissues- specialized group of cells
Organs- function of tissues working together
Body systems- organs working together for the general same purpose.
Organism

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4
Q

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular

A

Protect, support, movement

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5
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin as well as the associated structures which is hair, nail, sweat glands and oil glands.

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6
Q

Skeletal system

A

Body’s basic frame work, it includes 206 bones and joints between them.

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7
Q

Muscular system

A

Attached to bones and produced the movement of skeletal. Help maintain posture, body’s structure and protection.

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8
Q

Coordination and control

A

Nervous system and Endocrine

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9
Q

Nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord, nerve as well as eyes, ears, , taste buds and smell. (special sensing organ)

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10
Q

Digestive system

A

all the organs that take nutrients and convert them so body cells can use them

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11
Q

Urinary system

A

Help the body get rid of the waste products and excess water.

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12
Q

Circulation and immunity systems

A

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels are what make up this system. Pumping blood to the tissues including the nutrients and oxygen

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14
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Helps in absorption of dietary fats.

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15
Q

Production of offspring

A

Reproductive system

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16
Q

Reproductive system

A

External sex organs and all related internal structures.

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17
Q

Catabolism

A

metabolic breakdown substances into simpler substances

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18
Q

Anabolism

A

metabolic building of simple compounds into more complex.

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19
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy storing compounds found in all cells.

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of balance within the body.

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21
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

outside the cell

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22
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

within the cell

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23
Q

Negative feedback

A

Control system based on information that is returning to a source.

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24
Q

Effects of aging

A

wrinkles, failing liver, weaker immune system

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25
Q

Anatomic position

A

person or subject is standing upright face in front, arms on the side, palms for feet parallel.

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26
Q

Superior

A

above or higher position

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27
Q

Inferiod

A

below or lower

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28
Q

Anterior

A

Front of the body

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29
Q

posterior

A

near to the back

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30
Q

medial

A

nearest to the middle of the body

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31
Q

leteral

A

farther away from the midline to the side

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32
Q

proximal

A

near to the origin of a structure

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33
Q

distal

A

farther away from the point

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34
Q

Frontal plane

A

Coronal plane divides frontal and posterior

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35
Q

Sagittal plane

A

right and left (midsagittal plane)

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36
Q

Transverse plane

A

superior and inferior

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37
Q

Cross tissue section

A

made perpendicular to the lung, access of an organ.

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38
Q

Longitudinal tissue section

A

parallel to the lung axis

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39
Q

Oblique tissue section

A

made at an angle

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40
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Cranial cavity (brain), Spinal canal (canal that has the spinal cord)

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41
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdonimopelvic cavity

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42
Q

Thoracic cavity consist of

A

Pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, mediastinum, Diaphragm.

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43
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity, pelvic

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44
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

heart that is formed by the pericardial sac

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45
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Where lungs are

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46
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs including the organs and vessels.

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47
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle that is used for breathing

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48
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains the stomach and most of the intestines, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the spleen.

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49
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Inferior portion contains the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as the internal hearts of the reproductive system.

50
Q

Epigastric region

A

inferior to the breastbone

51
Q

Umbilical region

A

around the umbilicus

52
Q

hypogastric region

A

the most inferior to the midlines.

53
Q

Left and right hypocondriac region

A

inferior to the ribs

54
Q

left and right lumbar

A

they are on the level with the lumbar region of the spine.

55
Q

left and right inguinal (iliac)

A

upper crest of the hipbone and the groin region.

56
Q

The role of cells

A

Basic unit life, show all characteristics of life. (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth and reproduction.

57
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

58
Q

Compound light miscroscope

A

1000x

59
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

1MX

60
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

3D view

61
Q

Micrometer

A

Metric unit 1 1Thousand ML

62
Q

Stain-Dyes

A

Add color to cell and tissues to view under microscope.

63
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

outer layer of the cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
(Phospholipid bilayer and protein)

64
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

double layer of lipid molecules.

65
Q

Channels

A

Spores in the membrane that allows passageway

66
Q

Transporters

A

they move the substances across the membrane

67
Q

Receptors

A

Allow attachment of substances

68
Q

Enzymes

A

Participate in the reaction at the surface

69
Q

Linkers

A

attach cells to other cells

70
Q

Cell identity makers

A

protein that is unique to each individual.

71
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell.

72
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike units of heredity that is passed on children from parents.

73
Q

Nucleolus

A

little nucleaus

74
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Materials within the living cells with the exception of nucleus.

75
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid part of cytoplasm

76
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranes within the cytoplasm (rough and smooth)

77
Q

ribosomes

A

necessary for the manufacture of protiens

78
Q

Mitochondria

A

cells power plants, they convert energy from nutrients into ATP

79
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Layers of membranes that sort and prepare compounds for transport

80
Q

Lysosomes

A

small sac of digestive enzymes

81
Q

Peroxisomes

A

breakdown harmful substances

82
Q

Vesicles

A

Storage that are used in materials into and out of the cell.

83
Q

Centriols

A

Helps separate chromosomes during cell division.

84
Q

Surface Organelles

A

Cilia- hair like projection that creates movement in the cell.
Flagellum- Long with like around the cells.

85
Q

Semiperneable

A

Capable being penetrated by some substances and not others.

86
Q

Selective permeable

A

Regulates what can enter or leave the cell based on its needs.

87
Q

Diffusion (passive)

A

Constant movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. (simple, facilitated)

88
Q

Osmosis (passive)

A

diffusion of water from through a semipermeable membrane.

89
Q

Aquaporins (passive)

A

Regulates water movements across the plasma membrane.

90
Q

Osmosis pressure (passive)

A

measurement of the force that is driving osmosis.

91
Q

How osmosis affect cells

A

Isotonic- same concentration
Hypertonic- more concentrated.
Hypotonic solution- less concentrated.

92
Q

Filtration (passive)

A

Movement of material through a semipermeable membrane under the chemical force. (ex. blood pressure)

93
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Movement os a large amount of material through the plasma membrane.

94
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement of materials using vesicles for endocytosis

95
Q

Phagocytosis

A

taken in or large particles

96
Q

Pinocytosis

A

taken in small particles and droplets

97
Q

receptor

A

mediate endocytosis

98
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exiting, the cell is moving materials out using vesicles.

99
Q

Structure of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide structure
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

100
Q

DNA structure

A

In nucleus
double standed
base pairing; A-T, G-C
Codes for proteins with base triplets

101
Q

DNA function

A

Codes for proteins

102
Q

RNA function

A

Transcription: reads message of DNA
Translation: directs protein synthesis

103
Q

RNA structure

A

Single-stranded; in cytoplasm

Base pairing A-U,G-C

104
Q

RNA types

A

Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer

105
Q

Meiosis

A

forms sex cells- process of cell division that cuts the chromosomes number in half to prepare the union of the egg and sperm fertilization.

106
Q

Mitosis

A

Forms somatic cells- type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells exactly like the parent cell. (interphase)

107
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes become visible and organelles disappear.

108
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell

109
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.

110
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclei form and cell contents divide.

111
Q

Mutations

A

Alteration of the gene which is a natural occurrence is increased by exposure to harmful substances.

112
Q

Apoptosis-

A

Program cell death. Process of self destruction.

113
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division

114
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer is spreading or multiplying.

115
Q

Risk factors of cancer

A 
Heredity
Carcinogens- cigaret smoke
Radiation
Physical inactivity
Diet
Viruses.
116
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Composed of long striated cells with multiple nuclei

117
Q

Body systems

A

Organs working together combine

118
Q

Three components of a negative feedback

A

Sensor- gathers information about a specific variable.
Control center- compares the sensor inputs with the set point.
Effector- increases or decreases activity as needed.

119
Q

Barrier

A

Term refers to any structure that separates different environments.

120
Q

Gradient

A

Formed by a difference in specific physical or chemical values between two regions.

Integrated Science (7 decks)

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