Exam 2 (Chap 1,3,4,6,18) Flashcards
Anatomy and physiology
Study of the structure and body functions
Define disease
Anything that is alters normal body structure and working of the body
Levels of organization
Chemicals
Cell- basic unit of life
Tissues- specialized group of cells
Organs- function of tissues working together
Body systems- organs working together for the general same purpose.
Organism
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular
Protect, support, movement
Integumentary system
Skin as well as the associated structures which is hair, nail, sweat glands and oil glands.
Skeletal system
Body’s basic frame work, it includes 206 bones and joints between them.
Muscular system
Attached to bones and produced the movement of skeletal. Help maintain posture, body’s structure and protection.
Coordination and control
Nervous system and Endocrine
Nervous system
The brain and spinal cord, nerve as well as eyes, ears, , taste buds and smell. (special sensing organ)
Digestive system
all the organs that take nutrients and convert them so body cells can use them
Urinary system
Help the body get rid of the waste products and excess water.
Circulation and immunity systems
Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
Cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels are what make up this system. Pumping blood to the tissues including the nutrients and oxygen
Lymphatic system
Helps in absorption of dietary fats.
Production of offspring
Reproductive system
Reproductive system
External sex organs and all related internal structures.
Catabolism
metabolic breakdown substances into simpler substances
Anabolism
metabolic building of simple compounds into more complex.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy storing compounds found in all cells.
Homeostasis
state of balance within the body.
Extracellular fluid
outside the cell
Intracellular fluid
within the cell
Negative feedback
Control system based on information that is returning to a source.
Effects of aging
wrinkles, failing liver, weaker immune system
Anatomic position
person or subject is standing upright face in front, arms on the side, palms for feet parallel.
Superior
above or higher position
Inferiod
below or lower
Anterior
Front of the body
posterior
near to the back
medial
nearest to the middle of the body
leteral
farther away from the midline to the side
proximal
near to the origin of a structure
distal
farther away from the point
Frontal plane
Coronal plane divides frontal and posterior
Sagittal plane
right and left (midsagittal plane)
Transverse plane
superior and inferior
Cross tissue section
made perpendicular to the lung, access of an organ.
Longitudinal tissue section
parallel to the lung axis
Oblique tissue section
made at an angle
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity (brain), Spinal canal (canal that has the spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdonimopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity consist of
Pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, mediastinum, Diaphragm.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity, pelvic
Pericardial cavity
heart that is formed by the pericardial sac
Pleural cavity
Where lungs are
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs including the organs and vessels.
Diaphragm
Muscle that is used for breathing
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach and most of the intestines, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the spleen.
Pelvic cavity
Inferior portion contains the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as the internal hearts of the reproductive system.
Epigastric region
inferior to the breastbone
Umbilical region
around the umbilicus
hypogastric region
the most inferior to the midlines.
Left and right hypocondriac region
inferior to the ribs
left and right lumbar
they are on the level with the lumbar region of the spine.
left and right inguinal (iliac)
upper crest of the hipbone and the groin region.
The role of cells
Basic unit life, show all characteristics of life. (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth and reproduction.
Cytology
Study of cells
Compound light miscroscope
1000x
Transmission electron microscope
1MX
Scanning electron microscope
3D view
Micrometer
Metric unit 1 1Thousand ML
Stain-Dyes
Add color to cell and tissues to view under microscope.
Plasma Membrane
outer layer of the cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
(Phospholipid bilayer and protein)
Phospholipid bilayer
double layer of lipid molecules.
Channels
Spores in the membrane that allows passageway
Transporters
they move the substances across the membrane
Receptors
Allow attachment of substances
Enzymes
Participate in the reaction at the surface
Linkers
attach cells to other cells
Cell identity makers
protein that is unique to each individual.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell.
Chromosomes
Threadlike units of heredity that is passed on children from parents.
Nucleolus
little nucleaus
Cytoplasm
Materials within the living cells with the exception of nucleus.
Cytosol
Liquid part of cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranes within the cytoplasm (rough and smooth)
ribosomes
necessary for the manufacture of protiens
Mitochondria
cells power plants, they convert energy from nutrients into ATP
Golgi apparatus
Layers of membranes that sort and prepare compounds for transport
Lysosomes
small sac of digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes
breakdown harmful substances
Vesicles
Storage that are used in materials into and out of the cell.
Centriols
Helps separate chromosomes during cell division.
Surface Organelles
Cilia- hair like projection that creates movement in the cell.
Flagellum- Long with like around the cells.
Semiperneable
Capable being penetrated by some substances and not others.
Selective permeable
Regulates what can enter or leave the cell based on its needs.
Diffusion (passive)
Constant movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. (simple, facilitated)
Osmosis (passive)
diffusion of water from through a semipermeable membrane.
Aquaporins (passive)
Regulates water movements across the plasma membrane.
Osmosis pressure (passive)
measurement of the force that is driving osmosis.
How osmosis affect cells
Isotonic- same concentration
Hypertonic- more concentrated.
Hypotonic solution- less concentrated.
Filtration (passive)
Movement of material through a semipermeable membrane under the chemical force. (ex. blood pressure)
Vesicular transport
Movement os a large amount of material through the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
movement of materials using vesicles for endocytosis
Phagocytosis
taken in or large particles
Pinocytosis
taken in small particles and droplets
receptor
mediate endocytosis
Exocytosis
Exiting, the cell is moving materials out using vesicles.
Structure of DNA and RNA
Nucleotide structure
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
DNA structure
In nucleus
double standed
base pairing; A-T, G-C
Codes for proteins with base triplets
DNA function
Codes for proteins
RNA function
Transcription: reads message of DNA
Translation: directs protein synthesis
RNA structure
Single-stranded; in cytoplasm
Base pairing A-U,G-C
RNA types
Messenger
Ribosomal
Transfer
Meiosis
forms sex cells- process of cell division that cuts the chromosomes number in half to prepare the union of the egg and sperm fertilization.
Mitosis
Forms somatic cells- type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells exactly like the parent cell. (interphase)
Prophase
chromosomes become visible and organelles disappear.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
Nuclei form and cell contents divide.
Mutations
Alteration of the gene which is a natural occurrence is increased by exposure to harmful substances.
Apoptosis-
Program cell death. Process of self destruction.
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
Metastasis
cancer is spreading or multiplying.
Risk factors of cancer
Heredity Carcinogens- cigaret smoke Radiation Physical inactivity Diet Viruses.
Cardiac muscle
Composed of long striated cells with multiple nuclei
Body systems
Organs working together combine
Three components of a negative feedback
Sensor- gathers information about a specific variable.
Control center- compares the sensor inputs with the set point.
Effector- increases or decreases activity as needed.
Barrier
Term refers to any structure that separates different environments.
Gradient
Formed by a difference in specific physical or chemical values between two regions.
