Skeletal System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Flashcards
The skeletal system performs a variety of
functions:
• Protection
• Storage of minerals
• Formation of blood cells
• Storage of fat
• Movement
• Support
The major organs of the skeletal
system, exist in a variety of sizes and
shapes.
Bones
How many bones in adult human
206 bones
The 206 bones of the adult human skeleton are
composed of two different types of osseous
tissue:
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
Is hard and dense and is located just
deep to the periosteum
Compact bone
where is compact bone located
deep to the periosteum
the dense, irregular connective tissue
membrane that surrounds the bone
and is supplied with blood vessels and
nerves
Periosteum
is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called osteons.
Periosteum
Periosteum is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called __________
osteons
repeating microscopic units
osteons
located deep to the compact bone, is composed of irregularly arranged trabeculae (beams of bone) with many open spaces that house red bone marrow.
Spongy bone
where is spongy bone located
deep to the compact bone
trabeculae houses the
red bone marrow
(beams of bone) with many open
spaces that house red bone marrow
Trabeculae
Two subdivisions of the Skeleton:
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton
make up the vertical axis of the body.
axial skeleton
axial skeleton consists of
skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.
Appendicular Skeleton
consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.
consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.
appendicular skeleton
The skeletal system consists of more than bones; it also includes __________________________________________________ throughout the body.
skeletal cartilages, tendons, and ligaments
The bones of the human body are classified into five major shapes:
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid
- Most of the bones of the appendicular skeleton
long bones
are longer than they are wide.
Long bones
are roughly cube shaped
Short bones
short bones include
bones of the wrists (the carpals) and ankles (the tarsals).
flat bones consists
sternum and most of the skull bones
having thin, plate-like structures
flat bones
example of sesamoid bone
patella
- develop within tendons
- Round, flat bone found within tendon
sesamoid bones
Bones that do not fit into any of the
previous categories
irregular bones
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae, the coxal bones, and the
hyoid bone
are tiny bones that develop within sutures
Wormian (sutural) bones
joints that connect cranial bones
Sutures
are projections, holes, ridges, depressions, and other physical characteristics of bone surfaces.
bone markings
serve as attachment
sites for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments. Others are surfaces where
bones meet to form joints with other
bones, and still others serve as
passageways for blood vessels and
nerves.
bone markings
- Clefts of varying depth in a bone
- located where a bone meets another
structure, such as another bone or a
blood vessel.
Depressions
where are depressions located
located where a bone meets another
structure, such as another bone or a
blood vessel.
Shallow convex or concave surface
where two bones articulate
facet
example of facet
Rib: Articular facet for articulation
with a transverse process
Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
Fossa
example of fossa
humerus
shallow pit
fovea
example of fovea
femur
Long indentation along which a narrow
structure travel
groove (or sulcus)
example of groove
rib: costal groove
Holes that allow blood vessels and
nerves to travel through a bone
Openings
permit access to then middle and inner
ear encases delicate structures and
protect them from trauma.
Openings
Tunnel through a bone
Canal (or meatus)
example of canal (meatus)
temporal bone: external acoustic meatus
Narrow slit in a bone or between
adjacent parts of bones
Fissure
example of fissure
sphenoid bone: superior orbital fissure
hole in a bone
foramen
example of foramen
frontal bones: supraorbital foramen
Bony extensions of varying shapes and
sizes
Projections
some provide locations for attachment
of muscles, tendons, and ligaments;
some fit into depressions of other
bones to stabilize joints.
Projections
Rounded end of a bone that articulates
with another bone
Condyle
example of condyle
Mandible: Mandibular condyle
ridge or projection
Crest
example of crest
ilium: iliac rest
Round projection from a bone’s
epiphysis
Head
Example of Head
Humerus: Head
Small, rounded bony projection; a
tuberosity is a large tubercle
Tubercle and tuberosity
Example of Tubercle and Tuberosity
Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity
Small projection usually proximal to a
condyle
Epicondyle
example of epicondyle
Humerus: Medial epicondyle
Prominent bony projection
process
example of proces
Scapula: Coracoid process
sharp process
spine
example of spine
scapula: spine
Outgrowth from a bone
Protuberance
example of protuberance
occipital bone: external occipital protuberance
Large projection found only on the
femur
trochanter
example of trochanter
femur: greater trochanter
Long, narrow ridge
line
example of line
femur: linea aspera
the enlarged ends of long bones
epiphysis
contain a thin, outer layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy bone
interior often filled with blood cell–
producing red bone marrow.
epiphysis
the shaft of the bone
diaphysis
Epiphysis contain a thin, outer layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy bone
interior often filled with blood cell–
producing __________________________
red bone marrow
contains a thick collar of compact bone
surrounding a central medullary cavity
filled with fat (yellow bone marrow)
diaphysis
diaphysis contains a thick collar of compact bone
surrounding a central _________________ filled with fat
medullary cavity
Located between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis in mature long bones
epiphyseal lines
mark the sites where bands of actively
dividing hyaline cartilage—called
epiphyseal plates—were once located
in growing bones
epiphyseal lines
bands of actively dividing hyaline
cartilage
epiphyseal plates
no longer visible due to the remodeling
of bone throughout adulthood
epiphyseal plates
- formed by the Hyaline Cartilage
- covers the epiphyses
articular cartilage
fibrous membrane that surrounds the
remainder of the bone
periosteum
The Periosteum is composed of two layers:
outer fibrous layer and inner layer
serves as an
attachment site for tendons and
ligaments
outer fibrous layer
contains specialized cells
involved in bone growth, repair, and
remodeling.
inner layer
Anchors the periosteum to the bone
surface
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
An opening that has a rich supply of
nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels that enter the diaphysis
nutrient foramen
forms the inner lining of the diaphysis
endosteum
covers the trabeculae of spongy
bone
endosteum
lines the central (Haversian) canals of
compact bone.
endosteum
functional unit of compact bone
Osteon ( Haversian System)
consists in each osteon
central canal
conducts blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels
central canal
surrounds the central canal and has
concentric layers of mineralized
extracellular matrix
concentric lamellae
in the spaces between the osteons
interstitial lamellae
outer and inner rings just inside the
periosteum and outside the spongy
bone
Circumferential Lamellae
cavities that are embedded within the
lamellae
lacunae
houses osteocytes
Lacunae
mature bone cells that maintain the
bone matrix
Osteocytes
tiny canals where cytoplasmic
extensions of osteocytes project into
Canaliculi
radiate from each lacuna and connect
with the central canal.
Canaliculi
provide
pathways for oxygen, nutrients, and
wastes to move through the osseous
tissue.
canaliculi and lacunae
lie perpendicular to the shaft of the
bone
Perforating Canals
they carry blood vessels into the bone
from the periosteum
Perforating Canals
of bone tissue
consists of an inorganic extracellular
matrix made of mineral salts, or
hydroxyapatites, predominantly
calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate.
65%
give bone its exceptional hardness and
enable it to resist compression.
Mineral salts
The remaining 35% of bone tissue
consists of an
organic matrix plus bone cells
Organic matrix
Osteoid
includes ground substance (such as the
proteoglycan hyaluronic acid, which
traps water) and collagen fibers (which
provide the bone with a flexible
strength).
osteoid
Bone Cells:
- osteoblasts (bone building cells)
- osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
- osteocytes (mature bone cells)
bone building cells
osteoblasts
bone-destroying cells
osteoclasts
mature bone cells
osteocytes
