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Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory > Skeletal System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory > Flashcards

Skeletal System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system performs a variety of
functions:

A

• Protection
• Storage of minerals
• Formation of blood cells
• Storage of fat
• Movement
• Support

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2
Q

The major organs of the skeletal
system, exist in a variety of sizes and
shapes.

A

Bones

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3
Q

How many bones in adult human

A

206 bones

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4
Q

The 206 bones of the adult human skeleton are
composed of two different types of osseous
tissue:

A

• Compact bone
• Spongy bone

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5
Q

Is hard and dense and is located just
deep to the periosteum

A

Compact bone

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6
Q

where is compact bone located

A

deep to the periosteum

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7
Q

the dense, irregular connective tissue
membrane that surrounds the bone
and is supplied with blood vessels and
nerves

A

Periosteum

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8
Q

is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called osteons.

A

Periosteum

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9
Q

Periosteum is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called __________

A

osteons

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10
Q

repeating microscopic units

A

osteons

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11
Q

located deep to the compact bone, is composed of irregularly arranged trabeculae (beams of bone) with many open spaces that house red bone marrow.

A

Spongy bone

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12
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

deep to the compact bone

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13
Q

trabeculae houses the

A

red bone marrow

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14
Q

(beams of bone) with many open
spaces that house red bone marrow

A

Trabeculae

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15
Q

Two subdivisions of the Skeleton:

A

• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

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16
Q

make up the vertical axis of the body.

A

axial skeleton

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17
Q

axial skeleton consists of

A

skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.

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18
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.

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19
Q

consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.

A

appendicular skeleton

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20
Q

The skeletal system consists of more than bones; it also includes __________________________________________________ throughout the body.

A

skeletal cartilages, tendons, and ligaments

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21
Q

The bones of the human body are classified into five major shapes:

A

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

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22
Q
  • Most of the bones of the appendicular skeleton
A

long bones

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23
Q

are longer than they are wide.

A

Long bones

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24
Q

are roughly cube shaped

A

Short bones

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25
Q

short bones include

A

bones of the wrists (the carpals) and ankles (the tarsals).

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26
Q

flat bones consists

A

sternum and most of the skull bones

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27
Q

having thin, plate-like structures

A

flat bones

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28
Q

example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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29
Q
  • develop within tendons
  • Round, flat bone found within tendon
A

sesamoid bones

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30
Q

Bones that do not fit into any of the
previous categories

A

irregular bones

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31
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, the coxal bones, and the
hyoid bone

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32
Q

are tiny bones that develop within sutures

A

Wormian (sutural) bones

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33
Q

joints that connect cranial bones

A

Sutures

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34
Q

are projections, holes, ridges, depressions, and other physical characteristics of bone surfaces.

A

bone markings

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35
Q

serve as attachment
sites for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments. Others are surfaces where
bones meet to form joints with other
bones, and still others serve as
passageways for blood vessels and
nerves.

A

bone markings

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36
Q
  • Clefts of varying depth in a bone
  • located where a bone meets another
    structure, such as another bone or a
    blood vessel.
A

Depressions

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37
Q

where are depressions located

A

located where a bone meets another
structure, such as another bone or a
blood vessel.

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38
Q

Shallow convex or concave surface
where two bones articulate

A

facet

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39
Q

example of facet

A

Rib: Articular facet for articulation
with a transverse process

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40
Q

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

A

Fossa

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41
Q

example of fossa

A

humerus

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42
Q

shallow pit

A

fovea

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43
Q

example of fovea

A

femur

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44
Q

Long indentation along which a narrow
structure travel

A

groove (or sulcus)

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45
Q

example of groove

A

rib: costal groove

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46
Q

Holes that allow blood vessels and
nerves to travel through a bone

A

Openings

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47
Q

permit access to then middle and inner
ear encases delicate structures and
protect them from trauma.

A

Openings

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48
Q

Tunnel through a bone

A

Canal (or meatus)

49
Q

example of canal (meatus)

A

temporal bone: external acoustic meatus

50
Q

Narrow slit in a bone or between
adjacent parts of bones

A

Fissure

51
Q

example of fissure

A

sphenoid bone: superior orbital fissure

52
Q

hole in a bone

A

foramen

53
Q

example of foramen

A

frontal bones: supraorbital foramen

54
Q

Bony extensions of varying shapes and
sizes

A

Projections

55
Q

some provide locations for attachment
of muscles, tendons, and ligaments;
some fit into depressions of other
bones to stabilize joints.

A

Projections

56
Q

Rounded end of a bone that articulates
with another bone

A

Condyle

57
Q

example of condyle

A

Mandible: Mandibular condyle

58
Q

ridge or projection

A

Crest

59
Q

example of crest

A

ilium: iliac rest

60
Q

Round projection from a bone’s
epiphysis

A

Head

61
Q

Example of Head

A

Humerus: Head

62
Q

Small, rounded bony projection; a
tuberosity is a large tubercle

A

Tubercle and tuberosity

63
Q

Example of Tubercle and Tuberosity

A

Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity

64
Q

Small projection usually proximal to a
condyle

A

Epicondyle

65
Q

example of epicondyle

A

Humerus: Medial epicondyle

66
Q

Prominent bony projection

A

process

67
Q

example of proces

A

Scapula: Coracoid process

68
Q

sharp process

A

spine

69
Q

example of spine

A

scapula: spine

70
Q

Outgrowth from a bone

A

Protuberance

71
Q

example of protuberance

A

occipital bone: external occipital protuberance

72
Q

Large projection found only on the
femur

A

trochanter

73
Q

example of trochanter

A

femur: greater trochanter

74
Q

Long, narrow ridge

A

line

75
Q

example of line

A

femur: linea aspera

76
Q

the enlarged ends of long bones

A

epiphysis

77
Q

contain a thin, outer layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy bone
interior often filled with blood cell–
producing red bone marrow.

A

epiphysis

78
Q

the shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

79
Q

Epiphysis contain a thin, outer layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy bone
interior often filled with blood cell–
producing __________________________

A

red bone marrow

80
Q

contains a thick collar of compact bone
surrounding a central medullary cavity
filled with fat (yellow bone marrow)

A

diaphysis

81
Q

diaphysis contains a thick collar of compact bone
surrounding a central _________________ filled with fat

A

medullary cavity

82
Q

Located between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis in mature long bones

A

epiphyseal lines

83
Q

mark the sites where bands of actively
dividing hyaline cartilage—called
epiphyseal plates—were once located
in growing bones

A

epiphyseal lines

84
Q

bands of actively dividing hyaline
cartilage

A

epiphyseal plates

85
Q

no longer visible due to the remodeling
of bone throughout adulthood

A

epiphyseal plates

86
Q
  • formed by the Hyaline Cartilage
  • covers the epiphyses
A

articular cartilage

87
Q

fibrous membrane that surrounds the
remainder of the bone

A

periosteum

88
Q

The Periosteum is composed of two layers:

A

outer fibrous layer and inner layer

89
Q

serves as an
attachment site for tendons and
ligaments

A

outer fibrous layer

90
Q

contains specialized cells
involved in bone growth, repair, and
remodeling.

A

inner layer

91
Q

Anchors the periosteum to the bone
surface

A

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

92
Q

An opening that has a rich supply of
nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels that enter the diaphysis

A

nutrient foramen

93
Q

forms the inner lining of the diaphysis

A

endosteum

94
Q

covers the trabeculae of spongy
bone

A

endosteum

95
Q

lines the central (Haversian) canals of
compact bone.

A

endosteum

96
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon ( Haversian System)

97
Q

consists in each osteon

A

central canal

98
Q

conducts blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels

A

central canal

99
Q

surrounds the central canal and has
concentric layers of mineralized
extracellular matrix

A

concentric lamellae

100
Q

in the spaces between the osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

101
Q

outer and inner rings just inside the
periosteum and outside the spongy
bone

A

Circumferential Lamellae

102
Q

cavities that are embedded within the
lamellae

A

lacunae

103
Q

houses osteocytes

A

Lacunae

104
Q

mature bone cells that maintain the
bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

105
Q

tiny canals where cytoplasmic
extensions of osteocytes project into

A

Canaliculi

106
Q

radiate from each lacuna and connect
with the central canal.

A

Canaliculi

107
Q

provide
pathways for oxygen, nutrients, and
wastes to move through the osseous
tissue.

A

canaliculi and lacunae

108
Q

lie perpendicular to the shaft of the
bone

A

Perforating Canals

109
Q

they carry blood vessels into the bone
from the periosteum

A

Perforating Canals

110
Q

of bone tissue
consists of an inorganic extracellular
matrix made of mineral salts, or
hydroxyapatites, predominantly
calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate.

A

65%

111
Q

give bone its exceptional hardness and
enable it to resist compression.

A

Mineral salts

112
Q

The remaining 35% of bone tissue
consists of an

A

organic matrix plus bone cells

113
Q

Organic matrix

A

Osteoid

114
Q

includes ground substance (such as the
proteoglycan hyaluronic acid, which
traps water) and collagen fibers (which
provide the bone with a flexible
strength).

A

osteoid

115
Q

Bone Cells:

A
  • osteoblasts (bone building cells)
  • osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
  • osteocytes (mature bone cells)
116
Q

bone building cells

A

osteoblasts

117
Q

bone-destroying cells

A

osteoclasts

118
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory (7 decks)

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