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Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory > Muscular System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory > Flashcards

Muscular System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

human body contains ________________ skeletal muscles,

A

more than 600

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2
Q

the major organs of the muscular system

A

600 skeletal muscles

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3
Q

4 groups of the body’s major muscles

A
  • muscles of the head and neck
  • muscles of the trunk
  • muscles of the upper limb
  • muscles of the lower limb
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4
Q

During movements, one of the bones ___________________________________ while the other bone _________________.

A

remains relatively stationary; moves

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5
Q

site of attachment of a muscle’s tendon to
the stationary bone

A

origin

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6
Q

the site of attachment to the moveable bone

A

insertion

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7
Q

During muscle contraction, the _____________ moves toward the origin.

A

insertion

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8
Q

thicker middle region of the muscle between the origin and the insertion

A

belly

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9
Q

refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it to contract, producing that muscle’s action

A

innervation

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10
Q

A muscle’s innervation refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it to contract, producing that muscle’s

A

action

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles are innervated by two groups of nerves:

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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12
Q

arise from the base of the brain and emerge through the foramina of the skull

A

cranial nerves

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13
Q

sensory nerves that transmit nerve impulses from the sensory receptors of the eye, ear, and nose to the brain

A

cranial nerves

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14
Q

arise from the spinal cord and emerge
through the intervertebral foramina

A

spinal nerves

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15
Q

these nerves innervate skeletal muscles below the neck

A

spinal nerves

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16
Q

how many cranial nerves?

A

12

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17
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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18
Q

are usually the result of the actions of several skeletal muscles acting as a group

A

Movements

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19
Q

Muscles can be classified into four functional groups:

A
  • prime movers (agonist)
  • antagonists
  • synergists
  • fixators
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20
Q

is the muscle that is most responsible for producing a particular movement, termed that muscle’s action

A

prime movers (agonist)

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21
Q

is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover.

A

antagonists

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22
Q

during flexion of the elbow, the biceps brachii serves as the ______________, and the triceps brachii serves as the _________________

A

prime mover; antagonist

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23
Q

These two muscles constitute an ___________________ that acts on the opposite sides of a bone or joint.

A

antagonistic pair

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24
Q

is a muscle that aids a prime mover and is usually located close to it

A

synergist

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25
Q

can stabilize a joint, prevent unwanted movements, or add extra force so that the action of the prime mover is more coordinated and specific

A

synergist

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26
Q

Consider the role of the wrist extensor muscles as ____________________ in flexion of the fingers.

A

synergists

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27
Q

is a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.

A

fixator

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28
Q

“fixes” a bone—that is, it holds it steady

A

fixator

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29
Q

Skeletal muscles are named based on one or more of the
following seven criteria:

A
  • location
  • shape,
  • principal action
  • relative size
  • number of origins
  • locations of origins and insertions
  • direction of muscle fibers
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30
Q

overlies the brachium (arm)

A

brachialis

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31
Q

is roughly triangular (delta = triangle)

A

deltoid

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32
Q

The muscles of the head and neck can be divided into four
functional groups:

A
  • the muscles of facial expression
  • the muscles of mastication (chewing) and tongue movements
  • the muscles that move the hyoid bone and larynx
  • the muscles that move the head and neck
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33
Q

The muscles that enable us to communicate emotions through facial expression are located just deep to the skin in the

A

scalp, face, and neck

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34
Q

All facial muscles are innervated by the

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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35
Q

is a bipartite (two-part) muscle with two bellies (an occipital belly and a frontal belly) connected by the epicranial aponeurosis

A

epicranius

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36
Q

two bellies of epicranius

A
  • frontal belly (frontalis)
  • occipital belly (occipitalis)
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37
Q

overlies the frontal bone and raises the eyebrows (as when you are surprised)

A

frontal belly (frontalis)

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38
Q

draws the scalp back toward the posterior neck

A

occipital belly (occipitalis)

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39
Q

encircles the eye and closes it during blinking

A

orbicularis oculi

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40
Q

originate on the zygomatic bone and draw the lateral
corners of the mouth upward (as in smiling)

A

zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor

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41
Q

is a narrow muscle located inferior and lateral to the zygomaticus major.

A

risorius

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42
Q

It pulls the lips laterally and is considered to be a synergist of the zygomaticus muscles.

A

risorius

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43
Q

is a thin, horizontal cheek muscle that lies deep to the masseter muscle

A

buccinator

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44
Q

it compresses the cheeks during whistling, blowing, or sucking on a straw.

A

buccinator

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45
Q

This muscle is well developed in nursing infants

A

buccinator

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46
Q

is a circular muscle that closes and protrudes the lips as in kissing.

A

orbicularis oris

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47
Q

depresses the lower lip

A

depressor labii inferioris

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48
Q

raises the upper lip

A

levator labii superioris

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49
Q

elevates and protrudes the lower lip and pulls the skin of the chin up as in pouting

A

mentalis

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50
Q

is an unpaired, thin sheetlike superficial neck muscle that depresses the mandible and draws the outer part of the lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly, as in pouting.

A

platysma

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51
Q

Raises eyebrows; wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally

A

Frontalis

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52
Q

Pulls scalp posteriorly

A

Occipitalis

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53
Q

Pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially (as in squinting)

A

Corrugator supercilii

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54
Q

Closes eye; pulls skin around the eyes, as in blinking and winking

A

Orbicularis oculi

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55
Q

Elevates the upper lip; everts and furrows upper lip (as in sneering)

A

Levator labii superioris

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56
Q

Raises lateral portion of the upper lip to expose
upper teeth (as in smiling)

A

Zygomaticus minor

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57
Q

Pulls the angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally (as in smiling or laughing)

A

Zygomaticus major

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58
Q

Pulls the angle of the mouth laterally to make a closed-mouth smile

A

Risorius

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59
Q

Closes and protrudes lips (as in puckering the lips for a kiss

A

Orbicularis oris

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60
Q

Draws corners of the mouth inferiorly (unhappy face)

A

Depressor anguli oris

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61
Q

Protrudes lower lip (sad or pouting expressions)

A

Depressor labii inferioris

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62
Q

Protrudes the lower lip and chin for drinking and “doubtful” expression

A

Mentalis

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63
Q

Helps manipulate food during chewing and expels air through pursed lips (as in blowing a trumpet)

A

Buccinator

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64
Q

Lowers lower lip and opens mouth by depressing the
mandible

A

Platysma

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65
Q

The four muscles of mastication produce chewing movements by depressing and elevating the mandible,
and all are innervated by

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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66
Q
  • is a prime mover of jaw closure and biting.
  • short and thick
A

masseter

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67
Q

elevates the mandible and functions as an agonist to the masseter, fan-shaped

A

temporalis

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68
Q

depresses and protracts the mandible and moves it from side to side

A

lateral pterygoid

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69
Q

elevates the mandible and moves it from side to side

A

medial pterygoid

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70
Q

Elevates the mandible

A

Masseter

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71
Q

Elevates and retracts the mandible

A

Temporalis

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72
Q

Elevates and protracts the mandible; assists in lateral movements to grind food

A

Medial pterygoid

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73
Q

Protracts and depresses the mandible; lateral movements to grind food

A

Lateral pterygoid

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74
Q

involved in mastication, detection of taste, and deglutition (swallowing)

A

tongue

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75
Q

Muscles that control the tongue are classified as

A
  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
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76
Q

originate and insert within the tongue and change the shape of the tongue

A

intrinsic

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77
Q

originate outside the tongue and insert onto it

A

extrinsic

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78
Q

The three extrinsic tongue muscles

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
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79
Q

depresses the tongue and thrusts it anteriorly (protraction)

A

genioglossus

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80
Q

also depresses the tongue

A

hyoglossus

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81
Q

elevates the tongue and draws it posteriorly (retraction)

A

styloglossus

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82
Q

glossus

A

tongue

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83
Q

The muscles that move the hyoid bone and the larynx consist of two groups:

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

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84
Q

Protrudes tongue

A

Genioglossus

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85
Q

Depresses tongue

A

Hyoglossus

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86
Q

Retracts and elevates tongue

A

Styloglossus

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87
Q

originate superior to the hyoid bone and elevate it, the floor of the oral cavity, and the tongue during swallowing.

A

suprahyoid muscles

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88
Q

Among the suprahyoid muscles are

A
  • digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • stylohyoid
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89
Q

consists of an anterior belly and a posterior belly united by a central tendon and which depresses the mandible and elevates the hyoid bone during swallowing and talking

A

digastric

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90
Q

elevates the hyoid bone and the base of the tongue during swallowing

A

mylohyoid

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91
Q

elevates the hyoid bone

A

stylohyoid

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92
Q

originate inferior to the hyoid bone and depress it and the larynx during swallowing and talking.

A

infrahyoid muscles

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93
Q

Among the infrahyoid muscles are the:

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
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94
Q

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing

A

sternohyoid

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95
Q

which depresses the larynx

A

sternothyroid

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96
Q

depresses the hyoid bone

A

thyrohyoid

97
Q

Elevates and retracts the hyoid and floor of the mouth during swallowing

A

Stylohyoid

98
Q

Elevates hyoid and floor of mouth, assisting tongue to push food toward the pharynx

A

Mylohyoid

99
Q

Elevates and protracts hyoid

A

Geniohyoid

100
Q

Depresses hyoid bone and larynx

A

Sternohyoid

101
Q

Depresses larynx and hyoid bone

A

Sternothyroid

102
Q

Depresses and retracts hyoid bone

A

Omohyoid

103
Q

Depresses hyoid bone; may elevate larynx

A

Thyrohyoid

104
Q

Depresses the mandible; fixator of the hyoid during
swallowing

A

Digastric

105
Q

paired muscles that constitute the main muscles of the anterior neck

A

sternocleidomastoid

106
Q

originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

A

sternocleidomastoid

107
Q

is a bipartite muscle that extends the head; it consists of the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis (deep to the trapezius).

A

splenius

108
Q

are located on the lateral aspect of the neck deep to both the platysma and the sternocleidomastoid; these muscles flex the neck and also elevate ribs 1 and 2 to aid in respiration.

A

scalenes

109
Q

Together: flex head (chin moves toward the chest); individually: flex and rotate the head toward opposite side; accessory muscles of respiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid

110
Q

A mix of actions, depending on the fixators in play; move head laterally when contracted individually; elevate rib cage with vertebral column fixed; accessory muscles of respiration

A

Scalenes

111
Q

Extends the head (raises head from “bowed” position); other actions covered in the section on muscles of the arm

A

Trapezius (superior section)

112
Q

Extends the head; with other muscles, rotates the head to the same side

A

Splenius capitis

113
Q

Extends the head and neck; rotates the upper cervical vertebrae to the same side as the muscle that is contracting

A

Splenius cervicis

114
Q

Extends the head; with other muscles, rotates the head to the opposite side from the muscle that is contracting

A

Semispinalis capitis

115
Q

The muscles of the trunk include:

A
  • muscles of the vertebral column
  • muscles of respiration
  • muscles of the abdominal wall
  • muscles that act on the pectoral girdle
116
Q

play major roles in moving the limbs

A

superficial back muscles

117
Q

The muscles associated with the vertebral column include the:

A
  • erector spinae group
  • transversospinal group
  • quadratus lumborum
118
Q

extends and flexes the vertebral column laterally, consists of three separate muscle groups that run between the sacrum and the posterior surface of the skull on either
side of the vertebral column

A

erector spinae group

119
Q

three muscles of erector spinae group

A
  • spinalis,
  • longissimus
  • iliocostalis
120
Q

spinalis and longissimus groups each consist of a

A
  • capitis muscle
  • cervicis muscle
  • thoracis muscle
121
Q

iliocostalis group consists of a

A
  • cervicis muscle
  • thoracis muscle
  • lumborum muscle
122
Q

which also extends the vertebral column, is a similar but deeper group of muscles

A

transversospinal group

123
Q

group consisting of capitis, cervicis, and thoracis portions; the multifidus muscle; and the rotatores muscle

A

semispinalis

124
Q

flexes the vertebral column laterally

A

quadratus lumborum

125
Q

A major function of the muscles of the trunk is

A

respiration

126
Q

separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and the intercostal muscles

A

diaphragm

127
Q

The most important muscle of inspiration is the dome-shaped

A

diaphragm

128
Q

innervated by the phrenic nerve.

A

diaphragm

129
Q

The fibers of the 11 pairs of ______________________ run obliquely (inferiorly and anteriorly) between the ribs

A

external intercostals

130
Q

which pull the ribs toward one another and elevate the rib cage, are innervated by the intercostal nerves.

A

external intercostals

131
Q

The fibers of the 11 pairs of the ________________________ run deep to and at right angles to those of the external intercostal muscles and serve as antagonists to the external intercostals.

A

internal intercostals

132
Q

depress the rib cage and draw the ribs together, and they are innervated by the intercostal nerves

A

internal intercostals

133
Q

Flattens to lower the floor of the thoracic cavity to increase volume and decrease pressure, thereby causing inspiration (inhalation)

A

Diaphragm

134
Q

Elevates the rib cage, spreading the ribs, assisting inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles

135
Q

Depresses the rib cage, pulling ribs closer together, assisting expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles

136
Q

support and protect the organs within the abdominal cavity;

A

abdominal muscles

137
Q

they also flex the vertebral column and rotate and laterally flex the trunk.

A

abdominal muscles

138
Q

flexes the vertebral column

A

rectus abdominis

139
Q

also flex the vertebral column, and they also compress the abdominal wall.

A

external oblique and internal oblique

140
Q

compresses the abdominal contents

A

transversus abdominis

141
Q

All four abdominal muscles are innervated by the

A

intercostal nerves

142
Q

support and position the scapula and the clavicle

A

muscles that act on the pectoral girdle

143
Q

muscles that act on the pectoral girdle stabilize the shoulder joint by reinforcing the articulation between the

A

humerus and the scapula

144
Q

Flexes the trunk; with the vertebral column fixed, compresses abdominal cavity

A

Rectus abdominis

145
Q

Flexes and laterally bends the trunk; with the vertebral column fixed, compresses abdominal cavity

A

External oblique

146
Q

Flexes and laterally bends the trunk; compresses abdominal
cavity

A

internal oblique

147
Q

Compresses abdominal cavity

A

Transversus abdominis

148
Q

The muscles of the upper limb include

A
  • muscles that move the arm
  • muscles that move the forearm
  • muscles that move the wrist, hand, and digits
149
Q

large, superficial, fanshaped muscle that covers the superior portion of the chest and is a prime mover of arm flexion; it also adducts and medially rotates the arm.

A

pectoralis major

150
Q

is a superficial triangular shoulder muscle and a prime mover of arm abduction.

A

deltoid

151
Q

broad flat muscle located in the lumbar region, is a prime mover of arm extension. It also adducts and medially rotates the arm.

A

latissimus dorsi

152
Q

thick rounded muscle that lies inferior to the teres minor and it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.

A

teres major

153
Q

small cylindrical muscle that flexes and adducts the humerus

A

coracobrachialis

154
Q

lies deep to the trapezius and is one of the four rotator cuff muscles.

A

supraspinatus

155
Q

is a rotator cuff muscle that rotates the humerus laterally and stabilizes the shoulder

A

infraspinatus

156
Q

is a rotator cuff muscle that laterally rotates the humerus and stabilizes the shoulder

A

teres minor

157
Q

is a rotator cuff muscle that medially rotates the humerus and stabilizes the shoulder

A

subscapularis

158
Q

originate on the humerus, cross over the elbow joint, and insert onto the ulna and/or radius

A

muscles that move the forearm

159
Q

is the only muscle on the posterior side of the arm; large, three-headed

A

triceps brachii

160
Q

it is a powerful forearm extensor

A

triceps brachii

161
Q

two-headed __________________flexes and supinates the forearm

A

biceps brachii

162
Q

superficial ___________________ of the lateral forearm acts as a synergist in forearm flexion

A

brachioradialis

163
Q

lies deep to the biceps brachii muscle and flexes the forearm

A

brachialis

164
Q

pronates the forearm and is also a weak forearm flexor.

A

pronator teres

165
Q

is a superficial forearm muscle named for both its proximity
to the radius and its actions (wrist flexion and abduction).

A

flexor carpi radialis

166
Q

is a weak wrist flexor.

A

palmaris longus

167
Q

is named for both its proximity to the ulna and its actions
(wrist extension and adduction).

A

extensor carpi ulnaris

168
Q

extend and abduct the wrist

A

extensor carpi radialis longus and the extensor carpi radialis brevis

169
Q

on the posterior surface of the forearm extends the digits (fingers).

A

extensor digitorum

170
Q

flexes and adducts the wrist.

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

171
Q

Flexes and adducts the arm; rotates arm medially

A

Pectoralis major

172
Q

adducts and extends the arm; rotates arm medially

A

Latissimus dorsi

173
Q

abducts the arm; secondarily flexes and extends arm

A

Deltoid

174
Q

adducts, extends, and rotates arm laterally

A

Teres major

175
Q

Flexes and adducts the arm

A

Coracobrachialis

176
Q

Assists abduction; holds the humerus and stabilizes
shoulder joint

A

Supraspinatus

177
Q

Laterally rotates the humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint

A

infraspinatus

178
Q

Laterally rotates the humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint

A

Teres minor

179
Q

adducts and rotates the humerus medially; stabilizes shoulder joint

A

Subscapularis

180
Q

Flexes the elbow; supinates the forearm

A

Biceps brachii

181
Q

Flexes the elbow (prime mover)

A

Brachialis

182
Q

Flexes the elbow (synergist)

A

Brachioradialis

183
Q

Extends the elbow

A

Triceps brachii

184
Q

Assists extension of the elbow

A

anconeus

185
Q

Pronates forearm (palm posterior)

A

Pronator teres

186
Q

Flexes wrist (bends wrist toward anterior forearm); abducts hand

A

Flexor carpi radialis

187
Q

Flexes wrist; tenses dense connective tissue in palm of hand

A

Palmaris longus

188
Q

Flexes wrist; adducts hand

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

189
Q

Flexes fingers; flexes wrist

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

190
Q

Flexes thumb

A

Flexor pollicis longus

191
Q

Flexes fingers; flexes wrist

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

192
Q

Pronates forearm

A

Pronator quadratus

193
Q

Extends wrist; abducts hand

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

194
Q

Extends wrist; abducts hand

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

195
Q

Extends fingers; extends wrist

A

Extensor digitorum

196
Q

Extends little finger

A

Extensor digiti minimi

197
Q

Extends wrist; adducts hand

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

198
Q

Supinates forearm (palm anterior)

A

Supinator

199
Q

Abducts and extends thumb

A

abductor pollicis longus

200
Q

Extends thumb (“thumbs up” motion)

A

Extensor pollicis longus

201
Q

Extends thumb

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

202
Q

Extends index finger

A

Extensor indicis

203
Q

The muscles of the lower limb include:

A
  • muscles that move the thigh
  • muscles that move the leg
  • muscles that move the ankle, foot, and digits
204
Q

Among the muscles that move the thigh is the

A

iliopsoas

205
Q

two muscles of iliopsoas

A

-psoas major
- iliacus

206
Q

Butchers refer to this muscle as the tenderloin.

A

psoas major

207
Q

is the most superficial and the most prominent of the three gluteal muscles that form the buttocks.

A

gluteus maximus

208
Q

It is a powerful extensor of the thigh.

A

gluteus maximus

209
Q

lies deep to the gluteus maximus and abducts and medially rotates the thigh.

A

gluteus medius

210
Q

it is a common site for intramuscular injections

A

gluteus medius

211
Q

the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, lies deep to the gluteus medius

A

gluteus minimus

212
Q

it acts as an agonist to the gluteus medius in abducting and medially rotating the thigh

A

gluteus minimus

213
Q

located on the lateral surface of the thigh, flexes and abducts the thigh

A

tensor fasciae latae

214
Q

pear-shaped muscle that lies inferior to the gluteus minimus and laterally rotates and abducts the thigh

A

piriformis

215
Q

a medial thigh muscle, belongs to the adductor group, which adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh.

A

adductor longus

216
Q

The anterior part of the __________________, another medial thigh muscle, adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh, whereas the posterior part is a thigh extensor.

A

adductor magnus

217
Q

is a medial thigh muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh.

A

adductor brevis

218
Q

small flat muscle that overlies the adductor brevis and
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh.

A

pectineus

219
Q

long, thin, superficial muscle and is a medial thigh muscle that adducts the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg. long, thin, superficial

A

gracilis

220
Q

is on the anterior aspect of the thigh and is the most superficial of the four muscles that belong to the group known as the quadriceps femoris, which extends the leg.

A

rectus femoris

221
Q

on the lateral aspect of the thigh, is a member of the quadriceps femoris that extends the knee.

A

vastus lateralis

222
Q

a member of the quadriceps femoris on the medial aspect of the thigh, extends the knee.

A

vastus medialis

223
Q

a member of the quadriceps femoris deep to the rectus femoris, extends the knee.

A

vastus intermedius

224
Q

forms a band across the thigh from the ilium to the medial side of the tibia

A

sartorius

225
Q

it flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.

A

sartorius

226
Q

This is the muscle you use to sit cross-legged.

A

sartorius

227
Q

is one of three muscles on the posterior aspect of the thigh that collectively are commonly called the hamstrings, a name derived from an old butchers’ practice of curing pork thighs in a smokehouse by hanging them from their tendons (their hamstrings).

A

biceps femoris

228
Q

a hamstring muscle medial to the biceps femoris, flexes the leg at the knee joint.

A

semitendinosus

229
Q

is a hamstring muscle that lies deep to the semitendinosus and flexes the leg at the knee joint.

A

semimembranosus

230
Q

a superficial anterior leg muscle just lateral to the anterior crest of the tibia

A

tibialis anterior

231
Q

It inverts the foot and is a prime mover of dorsiflexion

A

tibialis anterior

232
Q

which is lateral to the tibialis anterior, is a prime mover of toe extension

A

extensor digitorum longus

233
Q

a superficial lateral muscle that overlies the fibula, produces plantar flexion and everts the foot.

A

fibularis longus

234
Q

a superficial muscle that forms the bulk of what is commonly called the calf muscle, produces plantar flexion;

A

gastrocnemius

235
Q

because it crosses the knee joint, it can flex the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed.

A

gastrocnemius

236
Q

named for its resemblance to a sole (a type of flat fish), is located deep to the gastrocnemius and produces plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.

A

soleus

237
Q

which is deep to the soleus, is a prime mover of foot inversion and produces plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.

A

tibialis posterior

238
Q

runs medial to the tibialis anterior muscle; it produces plantar flexion, inverts the foot, and flexes the toes

A

flexor digitorum longus

Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory (7 decks)

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