Skeletal System Flashcards
Axial skeleton?
Axial skeleton?
.Skull
.Vertebrae column
.Ribs
.Sternum
Appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular skeleton?
They are appendages of the axial skeleton!
. Shoulder girdle
. Forlegs
. Pelvic girdle
. Hindlegs
Skeleton functions?
Skeleton functions?
.Allow and enable movement .Protects delicate organs e.g. brain, heart and lungs. .Forms blood cells in red bone marrow. .Forms joints .Provides attachment for muscles .Stores calcium salts and phosphorus
Types of bone cells?
Types of bone cells?
.Osteoblasts - lay down new bone.
.Osteocytes - bone cells.
.Osteoclasts - destroy or remodel bone are.
Types of bone tissues?
Types of bone tissues?
All bones have both types of tissues
.Compact - looks hard but under microscope has holes like a honey comb.
.Cancellous - looks like a sponge and at the ends of long bones and in irregular, flat and sesamoid bones.
Harverian canals?
Harverian canals?
.They run through compact bone and contain blood and lymph capillaries and nerves.
Mandible?
Mandible?
.The lower jaw bone.
Maxilla?
Maxilla?
The upper jaw bone.
Intervertebral discs function?
Intervertebral discs function?
.Seperate the vertebrae and are pads of fibrocartilage which have shock absorbing functions.
.Protect the vertebrae by acting as a cushion inbetween vertebrae.
.Thet consists of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrous.
Scapula?
Scapula?
.Shoulder blade.
Clavicle?
Clavicle?
.Collar bone.
.Frequently absent in the dog.
.Normally present in cats but not attached to any bones.
Sternum?
Sternum?
.Breast bone.
Pelvic girdle bones?
Pelvic girdle bones?
.The hip joint is formed from these bones and all meet at the acetabulum (hip joint).
.ilium
.ischium
.Pubis
What are joints?
What are joints?
They are the body’s hinges.
.Synovial joints - freely moveable e.g. legs, arms and atlas and axis vertebrae (neck).
.Cartilage joints - allow little movement or no movement e.g. spine, mandible.
.Fibrous joints - fixed joints e.g. skull and pelvic girdle.
Look up fractures types in vet book under emergency care or surgery.
Ghg
Periosteum?
Periosteum?
.A fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones and cartilage covers this at joints.
Splanchic skeleton?
Splanchic skeleton?
.In cat and dog the os penis.
Medullary cavity?
Medullary cavity?
.Filled with bone marrow e.g. long bones
Sesamoid bones?
Sesamoid bones?
.Develop within a tendon.
Ossification?
Ossification?
.Process that forms bone
Intramembranous ossification?
Intramembranous ossification?
.Flat bones of the skull are formed.
Endochrondral ossification?
Endochrondral ossification?
.Replacement of cartilage with bone in the embryo.
Skull?
Skull?
.Houses and protect brain
.Houses the special organs
.Attachment for face muscles
.Communication by facial expressions
.Brain sits inside cranium
Cranium parts?
Cranium parts?
.Parietal - walls .Temporal .Frontal - forehead .Occipital .Sphenoid - floor .Sagittal Crest .Zygomatic arch - cheekbone .Lacrimal - orbit
Dolichocephalic?
Dolichocephalic?
.The head is long and narrow e.g. greyhound.
Mesaticephalic?
Mesaticephalic?
.The average shape of the dog skull e.g. labrador.
Brachycephalic?
Brachycephalic?
.Cranium more rounded
.Nose is short and pushed in
.Shortening of the nasal chambers, hard palate and mandible e.g. bulldog.
Vertebrae function?
Vertebrae function?
.Maintain posture
.Protect the spinal cord
.Protect underlying structures e.g. thorax.
Sacral vertebrae?
Sacral vertebrae?
.These three vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum.
Thoracic vertebrae?
Thoracic vertebrae?
.13
.They articulate with the ribs at the costal fovea and transverse fovea.
Ribs?
Ribs?
.13
.Attached to the thoracic vertebrae
.The head of the rib attaches to vertebrae by the costal fovea and transverse fovea.
.The first eight ribs attach themselves to the sternum by the cartilage end of the ribs (Sternal ribs).
.Ribs 9 - 12 attach themselves to the rib before them (not the sternum) forming the costal arch.
.Rib 13 has no attachment and float.
Intercostal space?
Intercostal space?
.Space inbetween each successive pair of ribs.
.Filled with intercostal muscles.
Sternum?
Sternum?
.Connected to first 8 ribs on both sides by the costal cartilage of the ribs.
Forelimb?
Forelimb?
.Attached to the trunk by muscles.
.Articulates with the scapula and radius and ulna.
Elbow dysplasia?
Elbow dysplasia?
.Development condition of the elbow causing instability of the elbow joint.
.Can be inherited.
Carpus?
Carpus?
.Consists of 7 carpal bones.
Metacarpus?
Metacarpus?
.Consists of 5 metacarpal bones.
Digits (toes)?
Digits (toes)?
.There are 5 digits on the fore paw and 4 on the hind paw.
.They consists of 3 phalanges.
.Dew claw only on the fore paw and has 2 phalanges only.
Hip dysplasia?
Hip dysplasia?
.Inherited condition.
.Partial disclocation of the hip.
.Malformation of the femoral head.
.Malformed acetabulum.
Patella?
Patella?
.Sesamoid bone on the distal end of the femur.
.Attached by the patellar ligament.
Tarsus?
Tarsus?
.Formed from 7 tarsal bones.
Metatarsus?
Metatarsus?
.Consists 4 metatarsal bones.
Synovial joints?
Synovial joints?
.Allow a wide range of movement
. Joint cavity that contains synovial fluid.
.Bones are separated by synovial fluid.
.Lined by the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
.Lubricated the joint
.Provides nutrient for the joint cartilage.
Fabella?
Fabella?
.Small bone the opposite side (caudual) to the patella.
