Cell Biology Flashcards
Nucleus function?
Nucleus function?
.Contains the genetic material which determines the cell’s function.
.Information centre, controls the cell’s processes of growth, repair and reproduction.
Cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm?
.Provides a medium for all biochemical reactions in the cell and gives it shape.
.The fluid that fills the cell to give support.
.Is the protoplasm inside the cell but outside the nucleus.
Cytoplasm contains?
Cytoplasm contains?
.Contains - water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids & carbohydrates and the organelles.
.Mitochondria .Ribosomes .Rough endoplasmic reticulum .Smooth endoplasmic reticulum .Golgi apparatus .Lysosomes .Centrosome .Centrioles
Mitochondria function?
Mitochondria function?
.The site of energy release from food consumed, digested and transported via the bloodstream.
.Responsible for cellular respiration. They supply the cell with energy.
.Energy is extracted from food and stored in ATP.
.ATP - the molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells.
Ribosomes function?
Ribosomes function?
.Site of protein synthesis when attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
.They produce enzymes and other protein compounds for the growth and repair of a cell.
.Site for protein synthesis within the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum function?
Endoplasmic reticulum function?
.They are a network of membranes that forms the circulatory system of a cell.
.Rough ER - Transports the proteins synthesised by ribosomes. Location for synthesis and then transport of substances including proteins when ribosomes are present.
.Smooth ER - Is involved in lipid and steroid production. Location for synthesis of lipids and their transport; appear as a stack of plates.
Golgi apparatus function?
Golgi apparatus function?
.Receives, modifies and packages substances to produces vesicles for their transport.
.Is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packagingproteinsandlipidsinto vesicles.
.Modification of some proteins
Lysosomes function?
Lysosomes function?
.Engulfs and digests old or damaged organelles; contains enzymes that breakdown organelles.
.Destroy worn out parts of a cell, bacteria and break down parts of food for energy.
.Contain lysozymes (digestive enzymes) they digest materials.
Vacuoles function?
Vacuoles function?
To contain waste materials or secretions formed by the cytoplasm and used for storage or digestion purposes in different kinds of cells.
Centrioles function?
Centrioles function?
.Involved in cell division.
Centosomes function?
Centosomes function?
.Location in the cytoplasm where centrioles are organised for cell division.
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) function?
Cell membrane function?
.Controls what enters and leaves the cell and has a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer.
.To let substances in and out of the cell but not let the nucleus and the cytoplasm out of the cell.
.Molecules soluble in lipids will dissolved in the lipid part of the cell membrane and diffuse e.g. oxygen and water.
.Maintains - the boundary between the cytoplasm and the extracellular environment.
Ways substances go in and out of the cell?
Ways substances go in and out of the cell?
.Diffusion
.Osmosis
.Dissolution/ dissolving
.Active transport
.Filteration
Cell membrane diffusion?
Cell membrane diffusion?
.Small molecules e.g oxygen and water
.High concentration area to low concentration area until they are equal on both sides.
Cell membrane osmosis?
Cell membrane osmosis?
.Passage of water from a weaker to a stronger solution across a semi permeable membrane until they are equal on both sides.
.Movement of water from the interstitial fluid into cells.
Cell membrane dissolution or dissolving?
Cell membrane dissolution or dissolving?
Dissolving fatty substances that are too big to diffuse are dissolved into the lipid part of the membrane.
Cell membrane active transport?
Cell membrane active transport?
Substances too large to pass directly through the membrane or are not soluble in fat, a carrier substance in the cell membrane takes them from the outside to the inside like glucose and amino acids.
Cell membrane filtration?
Cell membrane filtration?
While diffusion and osmosis rely on concentration gradients,filteration uses a pressure gradient. Molecules will move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure because the force of the fluid’s weight pushes against a surface and the fluid is thus moved through the membrane this is called hydrostatic pressure.
Metabolism definition?
Metabolism definition?
.The chemical reactions that occur inside the cell.
.Anabolic reaction - energy is stored in molecules.
.Catabolic reaction - a chemical reaction that releases energy.
.Total metabolism - the total number of the chemical processes occurring in cells e.g. anabolic and catabolic.
.Metabolic rate - the rate at which chemical reactions take place in the cells of the body.
Stages of mitosis?
Stages of mitosis? (PMATI)
1) Prophase - each chromosome replicates, forming two chromatids joined at the centromere.
2) Metaphase - Chromatids become arranged along the middle of the cell.
3) Anaphase - chromatids separate and move along the spindle to opposite poles of the cell.
4) Telophase - Cytoplasm begins to devide and nuclear membrane begins to reform.
5) Interphase - the resting stage after two identical daughter cells are produced.
DNA?
DNA?
.Deoxyribonucleic acid
ECF?
ECF?
.Extracellular fulid (surrounding cells) - moved my osmosis and diffusion.
.In plasma, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid.
.Surrounds tissues.
.20% of body weight.
ICF?
ICF?
.Intracellular fluid (within cells) - moved by osmosis and diffusion.
.40% of body weight.
Body fluids contain?
Body fluids contain?
.Organic compounds - contains carbon e.g. carbohydrates, protein and lipids.
.Inorganic compounds - does not contain carbon e.g. water, mineral, acids and alkalis/bases.
Structural systems?
Structural systems?
.Skeletal system
.Muscular system
.Integument
.Cardiovascular
Coordinating systems?
Coordinating systems?
.Nervous system
.Endocrine system
Visceral systems?
Visceral systems?
.Digestive system
.Respiratory system
.Urinary system
.Reproductive system
Chromosomes?
Chromosomes?
.Carries the hereditary material DNA
.DNA carries the information for protein synthesis.
Lysosomal storage disease?
Lysosomal storage disease?
.Accumulation of waste substances in the lysosomes.
Cilia and flagella?
Cilia and flagella?
.Cilia - extensions of the cell membrane in some cells
.Flagella - only found on spermatozoon.
Endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis and exocytosis?
.Endocytosis - go into the cell.
.Exocytosis - exit the cell.
Pinocytosis?
Pinocytosis?
.Cell drinking
Somatic cells?
Somatic cells?
.Mitosis cells and have the diploid number of chromosomes.
Germ cells?
Germ cells?
.Meiosis cells and maintain the haploid number of chromosomes e.g. ova and sperm
Mitosis?
Mitosis?
.Production of two identical daughter cells.
.Process in which somatic cells make identical copies of themselves by dividing into two cells (binary fission).
.For growth and repair of the body.
.All cells except germ cells
Meiosis?
Meiosis?
.The production of four identical daughter cells within the ovary and the testes before fertilisation occurs.
.Germ cells divide within the ovary and the testes to produce ova and sperm.
.Ova and sperm contain the haploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis stages? (PMATI)
Meiosis stages? (PMATI)
1) Prophase 1 - each chromosome replicates.
2) Metaphase 1 - chromatids arrange in pairs along the equator of the cell.
3) Anaphase 1 - chromatids migrate to the poles.
4) Telophase 1 - first meiotic division.
5) Interphase - Resting phase after two identical daughter cells are produced.
6) Prophase 2 - no chromosomes replicated as will be using the two daughter cells already created to devide again.
7) Metaphase 2 - chromosomes arrange themselves along the equator.
8) Anaphase 2 - chromatids migrate to the poles.
9) Telophase 2 - second meiotic division. Each cell divides and the nuclear membrane begins to reform.
Seconds stage makes four identical cells.
Diploid?
Diploid?
.It has two copies of each chromosome.
.Number of chromosomes found in a normal cell.
Haploid?
Haploid?
.Contain half the number of chromosomes of the diploid parent cell and results from meiosis.
Interstitial fluid?
Interstitial fluid?
.Surrounds tissues known as tissue fluid.
.Bathes the cells by gives them oxygen and nutrients and removes waste.
Transcellular fluid?
Transcellular fluid?
.Cerebrospinal fluid
.Digestive juices
.Lymph
Osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure?
.The pressure needed to prevent osmosis.
.Pressurethat needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane (osmosis).
.Osmotic pressure of plasma is high then water will flow into the blood to equalise the concentration
.low osmotic pressure means water will flow out of the blood into the tissues spaces.
Hypertonic?
Hypertonic?
.Higher concentration of fluid outside cell than inside.
.Fluid has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma.
Hypotonic?
Hypotonic?
.Lower concentration of fluid outside cell than inside.
.Fluid has a lower osmotic pressure than plasma.
Isotonic?
Isotonic?
.Same concentration of fluid outside cells as inside.
.Fluid has the same osmotic pressure as plasma.
Element?
Element?
.A substance composed of only one kind of atom.
Molecules?
Molecules?
.Consist of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond.
Compound?
Compound?
.Substance whose molecules contain more than one type of atom.
Cations?
Cations?
.Ions with one or more positive charges
Anions?
Anions?
.Ions with one or more negative charges.
Electrolyte?
Electrolyte?
.Help the regulation of fluid balance in the cells.
.Chemical substance that, when dissolved in water, splits into ions.
.Electrolytes are mineralsthat carry an electric charge when they are dissolved in a liquid such as blood.
.In the body are sodium,calcium,potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium.
.Potassium - mainly found in ICF.
.Sodium and chloride - mainly found in ECF.
Acids and Alkalis?
Acids and Alkalis?
.Acid is a compound that can release hydrogen ions when dissolved in solution.
.Alkalis is a compound that can take in hydrogen ions.
.
Acidosis?
Acidosis?
.Decreased blood pH.
Alkalosis?
Alkalosis?
.Increased blood pH.
Enzyme?
Enzyme?
.Within all cells are enzymes, which are essential for intracellular metabolism.
.Plasma enzymes - low levels of enzymes in plasma.
.Functional protein.
.Speed up and control chemical reactions in the body.
.Breakdown food.
Oxygen?
Oxygen?
Releases energy from cells and remove carbon dioxide, produced from cellular activities, from the bloodstream and pass it out of the body.
