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Anatomy and physiology book > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

What is blood?

.A fluid connective tissue made up of plasma, RBC, WBC and thrombocytes.

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2
Q

What does blood do?

A

What does blood do?

.It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes around the body.

.Carries water in the form of plasma to the tissues and maintains the osmotic balance of fluids and cells.

.It removes carbon dioxide and waste materials from the tissues.

.Helps fight infection.

.Clotting the blood to stop blood being lost during injury.

.Regulates body temperature.

.Maintains acid-base balance.

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3
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

What is plasma made of?

.Plasma is mostly water and the rest is plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and prothrombin)

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4
Q

Plasma transports?

A

Plasma transports?

.Mineral salts 
.Nutrients 
.Waste materials
.Hormones
.Enzymes 
.Gases
.Antibodies
.Plasma proteins
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5
Q

The atria and ventricles are connected by?

A

The atria and ventricles are connected by?

.The atrioventricular opening. The right has the tricuspid valve and the left the bicuspid which allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricle but block the atria when the ventricle contracts which stops the blood going back into the atria.

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6
Q

Heart septum definition?

A

Heart septum definition?

.The septum is a muscular wall, that separates the right and left sides of the heart. This stops venous blood being mixed with arterial blood.

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7
Q

Heart’s muscular wall layers?

A

Heart’s muscular wall layers?

.Endocardium - Inner layer made of epithelial tissue.

.Myocardium - Middle layer made of cardiac muscle.

.Epicardium - inner layer of pericardium.

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8
Q

Hearts function?

A

Hearts function?

.It receives and propels blood, rhythmically contracting, forcing the blood through a system of vessels.

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9
Q

Heartbeat definition?

A

Heartbeat definition?

.The heart beat (cardiac cycle) is the pattern of muscular contractions of the heart wall.

.Both atria contract at the same time

.Both ventricles contract at the same time.

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10
Q

Diastole definition?

A

Diastole definition?

.Diastole is the hearts period of rest and this is when the heart fills with blood.

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11
Q

Systole definition?

A

Systole definition?

.Systole is the period of contraction of the heart.

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12
Q

Heartbeat’s starting point?

A

Heartbeat’s starting point?

.Starts in the right atrium the pacemaker (sino-atrial node).

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13
Q

Pulse definition?

A

Pulse definition?

.The number of times the heart beats in one minute.

.The rate at which your heart is pumping blood through your circulatory system.

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14
Q

Heart rate is affected by?

A

Heart rate is affected by?

.Exercise
.Age
.Size of heart
.Emotions
.Temperament 
.Disease
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15
Q

The semi-lunar valves function?

A

The semi-lunar valves function?

.Is the three pocket shaped flaps at the vessel’s entrance in the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

.Prevents the back flow of blood from the vessel back into the ventricle.

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16
Q

Coronary circulation?

A

Coronary circulation?

.Is the heart’s own circulatory system just for the heart’s tissues cells.

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17
Q

Systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation?

.The circulation of oxygenated blood from the heart through the arteries to the tissues and then back to the heart through the veins.

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18
Q

Aorta?

A

Aorta?

.The aorta is the largest artery in the body and oxygenated blood leaves the heart by it.

19
Q

Cranial venae cava?

A

Cranial venae cava?

.One of the largest veins.

.The upper venae cava vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the head, neck and forelimbs to the right atrium of the heart.

20
Q

Caudual venae cava?

A

Caudual venae cava?

.One of the largest veins.

.The lower venae cava vein that brings deoxygenated pelvic region, hindlimbs and abdominal viscera to the right atrium of the heart.

21
Q

Hepatic portal system?

A

Hepatic portal system?

.Takes blood straight from the digestive tract arteries (stomach, spleen, pancreas and intestines) to the liver so the products of digestion can be processed immediately.

22
Q

Artery process?

A

Artery process?

.Large arteries branch into small arteries which branch into arterioles which branch into capillaries.

23
Q

Arterioles?

A

Arterioles?

.Arterioles are a smaller version of arteries. They carry oxygenated blood to the capillary beds.

24
Q

Capillaries?

A

Capillaries?

.Are the smallest blood vessels

.In all organs/tissues and are the sites of exchange between blood and tissue fluid.

.Capillary beds are the networks of capillaries that extend between the arterioles and venules within the tissues.

25
Q

Interstitial fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid?

.This filters out through the capillary walls and bathes the body tissues.

.It carries food, vitamins, mineral salts and hormones to the tissues and collects waste products from them like co2 and urea and then most of the fluid returns to the capillaries and then the venuels.

26
Q

Venules?

A

Venules?

.Venuels are small veins. They carry deoxygenated blood from the capillary beds to the larger veins.

27
Q

Vein valves?

A

Vein valves?

.The vein valves prevent a back flow of blood.

28
Q

Blood pressure definition?

A

Blood pressure definition?

.The force that the blood exerts on the walls of arterys as it is transmitted from the heart.

.Measures the average systole and diastole rates.

29
Q

Vasoconstriction?

A

Vasoconstriction?

.Narrowing of blood vessels causing high blood pressure.

30
Q

Low circulating blood volume causes?

A

Low circulating blood volume causes?

.Low blood pressure.

31
Q

High circulating blood volume causes?

A

High circulating blood volume causes?

.High blood pressure.

32
Q

Blood pressure is measured by?

A

Blood pressure is measured by?

.Sphygmomanometer

33
Q

Thrombosis?

A

Thrombosis?

.Internal blood clots.

34
Q

Leukaemia?

A

Leukaemia?

.Cancer of the blood caused by the over production of white blood cells.

35
Q

Anaemia?

A

Anaemia?

.A reduction in the body’s ability to carry oxygen caused by either a decrease in RBCs or haemoglobin or both.

36
Q

Thrombus?

A

Thrombus?

.Blood clot in the heart or vessels.

37
Q

Thromboplebitis?

A

Thromboplebitis?

.Inflammation of a vein where a blood clot has formed.

38
Q

Waste products from tissues are transported by?

A

Waste products from tissues are transported by?

.Circulatory system - carries carbon dioxide.

.Lymphatic system - carries other waste products.

39
Q

Carotid arteries?

A

Carotid arteries?

.Arteries that are very close to the heart.

40
Q

Serum?

A

Serum?

.Plasma minus the clotting factor fibrinogen and prothrombin.

.Plasma turns into serum once clotted naturally.

41
Q

Haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin?

.Protein containing iron

.The part of the RBC that carries oxygen to the tissues.

42
Q

Types of leukocytes?

A

Types of leukocytes?

Glandular;

.Basophill - secrete histamine and heparin (anticoagulant) for blood vessels.

.Neutrophil - engulf invading bacteria.

.Eosinophil - regulation of allergic and inflammatory processes by inactivating histamine.

Agrandular;

.Lymphocyte - produces antibodies

.Monocyte - phagocytic cells.

43
Q

Heart murmur?

A

Heart murmur?

.A defect in the heart valves that interferes with the normal blood flow through the heart.

44
Q

Collateral vessels?

A

Collateral vessels?

.Abnormal blood vessels that connect the aorta with the pulmonary arteries.

Anatomy and physiology book (14 decks)

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