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Anatomy and physiology book > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion definition?

A

Digestion definition?

.Digestion is the breakdown and transformation of solid and liquid food into small molecules.

.The substances are then absorbed through the small intestine wall into the bloodstream.

.In carnivores begins in the stomach.

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2
Q

Saliva?

A

Saliva?

.It contains the enzyme salivary amylase, which acts on cooked starch turning it into shorter polysaccharides.

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3
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

What is an enzyme?

.Enzymes are made of protein.

.They make chemical changes happen in other substances.

.They act on food, changing it into smaller particles.

.Digestive juices containing enzymes - gastric juices, pancreatic juices, bile salts and intestinal juices.

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4
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis?

.Peristalsis is the muscular contraction in the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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5
Q

Cardiac sphincter?

A

Cardiac sphincter?

.Is a valve that stops back flow of the stomach’s contents.

.The opening to the fundus/stomach.

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6
Q

Pyloric sphincter?

A

Pyloric sphincter?

.The end of the stomach leading into the duodenum.

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7
Q

Stomach rugae?

A

Stomach rugae?

.Part of the stomach wall that stretches when full and contracts when emptied.

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8
Q

Stomach function?

A

Stomach function?

.Mixes food with gastric juices.

.Produces mucous

.Absorbs alcohol

.Digests proteins through the action of enzymes.

.Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

.Storage of food before small intestines

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9
Q

Gastric juices contain?

A

Gastric juices contain?

.Mucus - lubricant food.

.Hydrochloric acid - neutralises bacteria and breaks down proteins.

.Pepsinogen - converted to pepsin.

.Pepsin - converts proteins into peptides (smaller molecules).

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10
Q

Digestion chemistry?

A

Digestion chemistry?

.Food eaten must be broken down into their relative chemical compounds in order for the body to use them.

.Starch is changed to useable glucose.

.Protein - must be broken down into their smaller components (animo acids) in order to be used by the body.

.Fats - must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol in order to be used by the body.

.Carbohydrates - are broken down and eventually become glucose to supply the body with energy.

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11
Q

The small intestine parts?

A

The small intestine parts?

.Duodenum

.Jejunum

.Ileum

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12
Q

The small intestine wall layers?

A

The small intestine wall layers?

.Muscular layer

.Blood vessel, lymph vessels and nerve layer

.Mucous membrane inner layer - covered with villi

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13
Q

Small intestine function?

A

Small intestine function?

.Completes chemical digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.

.To protects the GI tract from infection with the lymphatic system’s help.

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14
Q

Small intestine villi function?

A

Small intestine villi function?

.The villi is where nutrients are absorbed through it into the blood and lymph vessels.

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15
Q

Lacteal?

A

Lacteal?

.The lacteal is the lymphatic capillary and vessel in the small intestines.

.The fat that passes into then cause the lymph to look milky so is why it’s called lacteal.

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16
Q

Small intestine juices?

A

Small intestine juices?

.Maltase

.Sucrase

.Lactase - splits disaccharides into mono

.Enterokinase- activates trypsin

.Peptidase - split polypeptides into amino acids

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17
Q

Small intestine absorption?

A

Small intestine absorption?

.Active transport - most nutrients e.g. amino acids and sugars

.Diffusion - fats, fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the lacteals (lymphatic capillaries).

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18
Q

Large intestine parts?

A

Large intestine parts?

.Caecum - no significant function in carnivores. Connected to ileum and colon.

.Colon ascending, transverse & descending - water, vitamins and electrolytes are absorbed and waste products are prepared for defecation.

.Appendix - rabbits only.

.Rectum - holds stools until defecation.

.Anus sphincter - muscular ring that stretches to allow the passage of faeces.

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19
Q

Large intestine function?

A

Large intestine function?

.To reabsorbed water and nutrients from the digestive waste and to get rid of waste.

20
Q

Faeces contains?

A

Faeces contains?

.Rouhage which is indigestible e.g. vegetables

.Dead blood cells

.Bacteria

.Fatty acids and mucus

.Contents of anal sacs

21
Q

Liver functions?

A

Liver functions?

.Removes - toxins from harmful substances and urea to be excreted by the kidneys in urine.

.Stores - vitamins, glycogen, iron and fats.

.Produces - heat, vitamin D, heparin, plasma proteins, bile, uric acid and urea.

.Converts - fatty acids and glycerol into phospholipids for the formation of cell membranes.

.Glycogen into glucose and glucose to glycogen and metabolises protein.

.Creates new proteins from amino acids.

.Destroys old RBCs.

22
Q

Gall bladder functions?

A

Gall bladder functions?

.Reservoir for bile produced by the liver

.Needed for fat digestion.

.Secretes mucus to add to bile

.Absorbs water from bile

.Emptys bile into duodenum via the common bile duct.

23
Q

Glycogen?

A

Glycogen?

.Is excess glucose and is stored in the liveras glycogen.

.Itis made up of many connectedglucosemolecules.

24
Q

Pancreas exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas exocrine functions?

.Produces enzymes to break down food (pancreatic juices).

25
Q

Blood sugar levels?

A

Blood sugar levels?

.Insulin regulates the blood sugar level after eating by causing the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles.

26
Q

Glucagon?

A

Glucagon?

.Converts glycogen back into glucose.

27
Q

Pancreatic juices contain?

A

Pancreatic juices contain?

.Lipase - fat digestion

.Amylase - starch digestion

.Trypsin - protein digestion

28
Q

Glucose?

A

Glucose?

.Is the principal source of energy for all the cells of the body & is essential for the survival of brain tissue.

.The sugar in the blood is in the form of glucose.

.Insulin converts it to glycogen

.Glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose.

29
Q

Insulin?

A

Insulin?

.Insulin helps cells absorb glucose and turns any excess glucose into glycogen, an insoluble sugar which is stored in the liver until needed.

30
Q

Bile?

A

Bile?

.A liquid produced in the liver as a result of the breakdown of RBCs.

.Presence of chyme in the duodenum causes the gall bladder to contract and produce bile to create alkaline conditions in the small intestine.

.Emulsifying fats and activates lipase.

31
Q

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides and disaccharides)?

A

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides and disaccarides)?

.Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

.Used for energy

.Converted to glucose and simple sugars (monosaccharides).

32
Q

Fats (Lipids)?

A

Fats (Lipids)?

.Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

.Converted to fatty acids and glycerol.

.Provides energy when needed from stored fat.

.Insulator.

33
Q

Proteins (polypeptides)?

A

Proteins (polypeptides)?

.Converted to amino acids.

.Contain nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon.

.Globular protein - functional e.g. hormones and enzymes.

.Fibrous proteins - structural protein e.g. keratin, collagen and elastic.

34
Q

Tongue function?

A

Tongue function?

.Help with ingestion of food

.Taste buds supplied with nerve fibres.

.Help form bolus

.Grooming fur

.Cool down by panting

35
Q

Teeth?

A

Teeth?

.Brachydontic in cat & dog because they don’t continue to grow.

.They sit in the alveoli/ socket.

.Contains pulp cavity that has blood capillaries and nerves.

.Used for tearing meat off of bones.

.Dog = I6, C2, PM8, M5 × 2 = 42 adult

.Cat = I6, C2, PM5, M2 × 2 = 30 adult

36
Q

Salivation reasons ?

A

Salivation reasons?

.Sight and smell of food

.Fear

.Pain

.Before vomiting

37
Q

Salivary glands in the mouth?

A

Salivary glands in the mouth?

.Zygomatic

.Parotid

.Sublingual

.Mandibular

38
Q

Pharynx?

A

Pharynx?

.Contains the tonsils.

.Separated into nasopharynx and orophraynx by the soft palate.

.Connects to the ear drum.

39
Q

Tonsils?

A

Tonsils?

.Lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

.They protect the animal against disease.

40
Q

Chyme?

A

Chyme?

.The partially digested food within the stomach that has an acid pH.

.Released through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum where digestion continues.

41
Q

Pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic juice?

.Secretion produced in response to hormones from the GI tract.

Contains;

.Bicarbonate - neutralises the effect of the acid in chyme.

.Digestive enzymes

  • Protease - act on proteins.
  • Lipases - convert fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
  • Amylase - convert starch to maltose.
42
Q

Intestinal juice?

A

Intestinal juice?

.Produced by Brunner’s glands and Crypts of Lieberkuhn when chyme enters the duodenum.

.Maltase - converts maltose to glucose.
.Sucrase - converts sucrose to glucose and fructose.
.Lactase - converts lactose to glucose and galactose.
.Enterokinase - converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
.Aminopeptidase - converts peptides to amino acids.
.Lipase - converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

43
Q

Chyle?

A

Chyle?

.A fatty milky liquid in the lacteals made from fatty acids and glycerol.

44
Q

Diarrhoea?

A

Diarrhoea?

.Frequent excessive flow of watery faeces.

.Treatment if for diet reasons - starvation for 24h follow by a light diet of fish or chicken and rice for a further 24h.

45
Q

Urea?

A

Urea?

.Produced as a result of protein metabolism by the liver.

.Is nitrogenous waste and is excreted in the urine.

46
Q

Ketones?

A

Ketones?

.Chemicals your liver makes.

.When low on sugar your body uses fat instead. Your liver turns this fat into ketones, a type of acid, and sends them into your bloodstream.

47
Q

Microenteral nutrition?

A

Microenteral nutrition?

.The delivery of very small amounts of water, electrolytes and nutrients directly into the gastrointestinal tract.

Anatomy and physiology book (14 decks)

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