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Anatomy and physiology book > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

After mating?

A

After mating?

.Germ cells spermatozoa and ova fuse to form a single-celled zygote.

.The zygote undergoes cell division to form the embryo.

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2
Q

Male reproductive tract parts?

A

Male reproductive tract parts?

.Testis - wrapped in peritoneum
.Epididymis 
.Deferent/ vas deferens duct
.Urethra
.Penis
.Prostate gland, an accessory gland
.Bulbourethral gland, an accessory gland - cat
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3
Q

Testes function?

A

Testes function?

.Produce spermatozoa

.Produce fluid to transport the sperm

.Secrete the hormone testosterone

.Testes lie in the scrotum outside the body because of temperature.

.Attached to perineum - cat

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4
Q

Testis cells?

A

Testis cells?

.Spermatogenic cells - divide by meiosis to produce immature sperm/spermatids and these contain the haploid number of chromosomes.

.Sertoli cells - secrete oestrogen and nutrients that prolong the survival of sperm.

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5
Q

Tunica vaginalis?

A

Tunica vaginalis?

. The serous membrane that covers the testes.

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6
Q

Cryptorchidism?

A

Cryptorchidism?

.Cryptorchid - testes do not descend from the abdomen or inguinal canal.

.Monorchid - one testis is retained.

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7
Q

Penis function?

A

Penis function?

.Convey sperm and fluids from the testis into the female reproductive tract.

.Convey urine from the bladder to the outside via the urethra.

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8
Q

Penis parts?

A

Penis parts?

.Prepuce - penis inside this

.Urethra - lies in the centre of the penis.

.Bulb of penis - start/ cranial part of penis.

.Crura - they attach the penis to the ischial arch.

.Glans penis - tip of the penis and contains the os penis used to aid penetration.

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9
Q

Penis parts?

A

Penis parts?

.Prepuce - holds the penis inside this outside of the body - dog.

.Urethra - lies in the centre of the penis.

.Bulb of penis - start/ cranial part of penis.

.Crura - they attach the penis to the ischial arch.

.Glans penis - tip of the penis and contains the os penis used to aid penetration.

.Cat penis - points backwards and end is covered in tiny barbed (papillae) which sends messages to the brain to start ovulation (Induced ovulation).

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10
Q

Blanitis?

A

Blanitis?

.Infection in the prepuce and not treated unless serious.

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11
Q

Accessory glands?

A

Accessory glands?

.Secrete seminal fluids.

.Prostate gland and bulbourethral glands.

.Seminal fluids - help sperm travel and survive, neutralise the acidity of the urine.

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12
Q

Female reproductive system parts?

A

Female reproductive system parts?

.Ovary

.Uterine tube, oviduct or fallopian tube

.Uterus - uterine horns and body

.Cervix

.Vagina

.Vestibule

.Vulva

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13
Q

Female reproductive system functions?

A

Female reproductive system functions?

.Ovary - produce ova/eggs ready for fertilisation by sperm and secrete oestrogen and progesterone.

.Ovarian bursa - completely covers the ovary.

.Uterine tube - collect ova and move to the uterine horns.

.Uterine horns - contains the developing embryos.

.Uterus - place embryos can develop into full-term fetuses with the placenta providing nutrients.

.Uterus layers - Endometrium, myometrium and mesometrium.

.Cervix - connects the uterus with the vagina.

.Vagina - from cervix to external urethral orifice.

.Vestibule - from external urethral orifice to the vulva and shared by both reproductive and urinary tracts.

.Vulva - external opening of the urogenital tract.

.

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14
Q

Mammary glands?

A

Mammary glands?

.Not part of the reproductive system.

.Produce milk during lactation.

.Bitch has 5 on both sides.

.Queen has 4 on both sides.

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15
Q

Colostrum?

A

Colostrum?

.First milk secreted by the mammary glands after birth.

.Rich in antibodies because neonates have an underdeveloped immune system and this helps keep them protected until their immune system is better developed.

.Maternal antibody levels are decreasing at 8-12 weeks of age.

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16
Q

Oestrous cycle?

A

Oestrous cycle?

.Rhythmic cycle of events that occurs in sexually mature non pregnant female mammals.

.Includes limited periods of sexual receptivity (oestrus).

.Function - produce ova, prepare the tract for the fertilised ova and initiate behavioural patterns.

.Stages - pro-oestrus, oestrus, metoestrus and anoestrus.

.Bitch - 2 seasons a year for 18 days. 9 days pro -oestrus and another 9 days for oestrous.

.Queen - induced oculator between jan to sep but can be all year round. Oestrus lasts for 4-10 days.

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17
Q

Gestation period?

A

Gestation period?

.Interval between fertilisation of the ovum and the birth.

.Cat and dog - 63 days/ 9 weeks.

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18
Q

Embryonic and fetal development?

A

Embryonic and fetal development?

.Gamate - male or female germ cells.

.Zygote - the fertilised ovum.

.Embryo - the stage during which the major organs are forming.

.Fetus - stage at which formation of the major internal and external structures is complete.

.Conceptus - embryo or fetus, extra embryonic membranes and placenta.

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19
Q

Implantation on the uterine horns time?

A

Implantation on the uterine horns time?

.Bitch - 14-20 days after ovulation.

.Queen - 11-16 days after ovulation

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20
Q

Extra-embryonic membranes?

A

Extra-embryonic membranes?

.Surround and protect the embryo but do not form the embryo itself.

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21
Q

Amnionic cavity and Amnion?

A

Amnion cavity and Amnion?

.Amnionic cavity - fluid filled cavity around the embryo.

.Amnion - Sac in which the fetus is delivered.

22
Q

Allantois?

A

Allantois?

.Collects urine from the fetal kidneys via a tube leading from the fetal bladder, the urachus.

.During development it continues to expand with fetal urine and eventually encircles the fetus.

23
Q

Oganogenesis?

A

Oganogenesis?

.All internal organs are developed within the embryo by 35 days.

24
Q

Placenta?

A

Placenta?

.The placenta receives nutrients and oxygen from the dam and removes waste from the fetus through the umbilical cord via the umbilical artery and vein.

25
Q

Ossification of skeleton?

A

Ossification of skeleton?

.45 days.

26
Q

Genetics?

A

Genetics?

.The science of inheritance

.Method by which characteristics are passed from one generation to another

.Blood type, formation of every enzyme or protein in the body is controlled genetically.

27
Q

Genes?

A

Genes?

.Carry the information for characteristics.

.Arranged in long chains known as chromosomes

.Chromosomes are found within the nucleus of every cell in the body.

28
Q

Chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes?

.Made up of protein (deoxyribonucleic acid) which consists of two parallel unbranched strands twisting around each other in a double helix.

.The strands are formed by the amino acids called nucleotides and these are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

.They uncoil prior to cell division by mitosis or meiosis.

29
Q

Gamete?

A

Gamete?

.Sperm and ovum

.Both formed by meiosis and contain the haploid number of chromosome.

.After fertilisation, during which the nucleus of the ovum fuses with the nucleus of the sperm, the resulting zygote contains the diploid number of chromosomes.

30
Q

Sex determination?

A

Sex determination?

. The Y chromosome is small and carries the Gene’s that determine male characteristics.

.The X chromosome is larger and carries the Gene’s that determine female characteristics, although it may carry other genes aswell.

.Males have X and Y chromosomes.

.Female have two X chromosomes so they have more space for genes than males do.

31
Q

Zygote?

A

Zygote?

.Results from fusion of the ovum with the sperm and contains the diploid number of chromosomes.

32
Q

Locus?

A

Locus?

.The position of a gene on a chromosome.

33
Q

Allele?

A

Allele?

.A gene on the same locus of a pair of homologous chromosomes.

34
Q

Homozygous gene?

A

Homozygous gene?

.Identical genes on the same locus.

.For example a black coat and a black coat dog.

35
Q

Heterozygous gene?

A

Heterozygous gene?

.Non-identical genes on the same locus.

.For example a black coat and brown coat dog.

36
Q

Dominant gene?

A

Dominant gene?

.A gene that overrides its allele.

37
Q

Recessive gene?

A

Recessive gene?

.A gene whose characteristics is not expressed when paired with a dominant gene but will be expressed with an identical recessive gene.

.A recessive gene will only be expressed if an animal is homozygous for that gene e.g both parents have the recessive gene.

.If the animal contains one dominant and one recessive gene attached to a locus (heterozygous) the gene will not be expressed but the animal will carry the gene and may pass it on to their offspring.

38
Q

Phenotype?

A

Phenotype?

.The external appearance of an individual.

39
Q

Genotype?

A

Genotype?

.The genetic makeup of an individual.

40
Q

Sex-linked genes?

A

Sex-linked genes?

.Genes that are located on one of the sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y.

.Usually recessive e.g. orange coat in male cats.

41
Q

Sex-limited genes?

A

Sex-limited genes?

.Influence a characteristics only in one sex e.g. milk yield in cows.

42
Q

Monohybrid crosses?

A

Monohybrid crosses?

.Matings in which only one characteristic is identified and followed through the generations e.g. spot colour in dalmatians.

43
Q

Back-crossing to the recessive?

A

Back-crossing to the recessive?

.Using test matings to ascertain whether am animal is carrying a particular recessive gene e.g. eye disease.

44
Q

Dihybrid crosses?

A

Dihybrid crosses?

.Is one in which two characteristics are identified.

45
Q

Breed definition?

A

Breed definition?

.A group of animals of the same species linked by a set of common characteristics.

46
Q

Selective breeding?

A

Selective breeding?

.To achieve homozygosity for all the genes which control the desirable characteristics e.g. without defects or disease.

47
Q

Congenital defects?

A

Congenital defects?

.Present at birth and cause by damage to the embryo or fetus during gestation period or parturition e.g. brain damage

.Cerebellar hypoplasia caused by exposure to the feline infectious enteritis virus during gestation.

.Not inherited.

48
Q

Inherited defects?

A

Inherited defects?

.Carried by genes.

.Example - hip and elbow dysplasia, eye defects, entropion, deafness, haemophilia.

49
Q

Semen?

A

Semen?

.Contains antibacterial proteins and zinc.

50
Q

Vagina?

A

Vagina?

.Maintains an acidic environment that inhibits bacterial growth.

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