Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the two skeletons?
Axil
Appendicular
What are the two types of postural deviations?
Kyphosis (hunched back)
Scoliosis (sideways curvature)
How many slight curves should there be while the spine is in a neutral alignment?
3
How does bone growth occur?
Through a process called ossification
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The growth plate where bone tissue is naturally added
How do bone cells comprise?
Osteoblasts form bone by secreting collagen
Osteoclasts remove bone, dissolve bone mineral which is then removed
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Framework Movement Leverage Weight bearing Protection Blood cell production Minerals
Way to remember- Fake Mums Like Water Proof Black Mascara
What are the types of bone?
Long Sesamoid Short Flat Irregular
Way to remember- Lanky Sea Sharks Find Iceland
What are the characteristic and examples of long bones?
Longer than they are wide
Femur, ulnar and phalanges
What are short bones?
they are as short as there are wide
Carpals, tarsals
What are the characteristics and examples of flat bones?
Broad, flat and normally thin bones
Pelvis, sternum and ribs
What are the characteristics and examples of sesamoid bones?
Held within tendons covered in cartilage
Patella
What are the characteristics and examples of irregular bones?
Irregular shape
Vertebrae
What is the function of long bones?
Source of red blood cells production, essential for oxygen delivery
Enable large movements, allowing increased speed or range in which an object can be moved
Act as levers to generate more force on an object
What is the function of short bones?
Increase stability and reduce unwanted movement
Are weight bearing, helping the body to remain upright or hold balance
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Ease joint movement, meaning more fluid
Resist friction so movement is not slowed down
What is the function of flat bones?
Protect vital organs to reduce injury
Enable muscle attachment to create movement
Produce blood cells in adults
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
These are joints that are fixed and allow no movement such as the sacrum and coccyx
Way to remember- Fibrous Fixed (FF)
What is a cartilaginous joint?
These joints are slightly moveable joints, such as between the lumbar vertebrae
Way to remember- Cartilaginou(S)lightly Movable
What is a synovial joint?
These are freely movable joints
they are important in sport because they provide the greatest range of movement
The shape of the bones at the joint determines the range of movement
For example, due to the shape of the bones forming the knee, we can only bend and straighten the leg at the knee
Way to remember- sYnovial FreelY (YY)
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Condyloid Pivot Hinge Gliding Saddle Ball and socket
Way to remember- Cats Poke Hefty Gents Showing Balls
What is a condyloid joint?
This joint allows movement in two places
It allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
Formed between the radius and ulna and the carpals at the wrist allows the gymnast to put their hand flat on to the bar to maintain their weight
What is a pivot joint?
There is a pivot joint at the elbow and between the first and second vertebrae
These joints allow twisting or rotation
Formed between the first and second vertebrae at the neck allows the player to tilt the head back to watch the ball
What is a gliding joint?
This joint is formed between the bones of the wrist and the foot
The bones glide over each other to allow sliding or twisting movements
For example, the hand action in hockey as you dribble the ball
Formed between the tarsals and metatarsals of the foot increases the flexibility of the foot, allowing the player to turn the foot to kick the ball
What is a hinge joint?
Examples of these are found at the elbow, knee and ankle
They allow flexion and extension
Formed between the humerus and the radius and ulna at the elbow allows the volleyball player to bend the arm to serve the ball
What is a saddle joint?
This joint is formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb
The movements are the same as the condyloid
Formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb allows the tennis player to grip the racquet and the ball
What is a ball and socket joint?
These joints give the greatest range of movement
Ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder allow flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation
Formed between the femur and pelvis at the hip allows the hurdlers to lift the leg to clear the hurdle
What are the components of synovial joints?
Bone Muscle Bursa Synovial fluid Tendon Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Ligament Joint capsule
Way to remember- Bulky Men Break Strong Tables As Strong Limbs Jump
What is articular cartilage?
A shiny, elastic material
Designed to reduce friction and absorb shock
What are ligaments?
Connects bone to bone, holding the bones in the correct position
They stabilise the joint
What is the function of synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid
What is the bursa?
Found in the major synovial joints
Reduce mechanical friction in the joint
They act as a cushion between bone and another part of the joint
Such as tendons or muscles
What is the joint capsule?
Surrounds the synovial joint
It is attached to the outer layer of the bones forming a joint
It seals the joint and provides stability to the joint
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates and reduces friction in the joint
Supplies nutrients to the joint
Removes waste products from the joint
How to muscles and tendons work with the skeletal system?
Must be present In a joint
No way to move bones without them present at a joint
Tendon attaches the muscle to bone and the muscle contracts to bring about the movement
What are the ranges of movement possible at joints?
Flexion Extension Planter flexion Dorsiflexion Abduction Adduction Horizontal abduction Horizontal adduction Hyperextension Lateral flexion Horizontal flexion Lateral flexion of the spine Circumduction Rotation
Way to remember- HAHA HE F(e)LL DR(amati)C(ly)
What is flexion?
Reducing the angle of the bones forming the joint
Example- during a bicep curl (lifting phase)
What is extension?
The angle between the bones at the joint increases and the arm is returned to the anatomical position
Example- Bicep curl (lowering phase)
What is plantarflexion?
Occurs at the ankle
Pointing the toes
Example- Ballet
What is dorsiflextion?
Occurs at the ankle
The toes are pulled nearer to the lower leg
Example- Kick up (football)
What is abduction?
A sideways movement away from the midline of the body
Example- Layup (basketball)
What is adduction?
A sideways movement towards the midline of the body
Example- Handstand (gymnastics)
What is horizontal abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body but horizontally (parallel to the floor) rather than vertically
Example- Tennis
What is horizontal adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body but horizontally (parallel to the floor) rather than vertically
Example- Tennis
What is horizontal flexion?
At the shoulder
Similar to horizontal adduction
The elbow faces outwards as the arms are moved to the midline of the body horizontally
Example- Discus
What is horizontal extension?
At the shoulder
Lateral movement away from the midline of the body horizontally, moving the upper arm away from the chest with elbows at the side
Example- Discus
What is hyperextension?
At the spine
Extension of the spine is movement back to the anatomical position
Hyperextension is a continuation of this movement so that the neck moves further away from the chest or spine moves away from the pelvis
Example- Gymnastics
What is lateral flexion of the spine?
Movement away from the midline of the body so the spine moves from side to side
This can occur at the cervical vertebrae and thoracic an lumbar vertebrae
What is circumduction?
This is a conical movement
Occurs at the shoulder
The hand will describe a circle
Example- Butterfly (swimming)
What is rotation?
A circular movement that occurs when the bone at the joint turns around an axis
Example- Gold drive
What are responses of the skeletal system?
Increased mineral uptake
Increased production of collagen
Reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid Increase pliability of the ligaments
Ways to remember- Monkeys Catch Violins
What are the adaptations of the skeletal system?
Increased bone density and strength
Increased ligament strength
Increased thickness of articular cartilage
Ways to remember- Big Lumpy Cows
What are some additional factors that are effected by the skeletal system?
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
What is arthritis?
There are two types:
Osteoarthritis- articular cartilage thins, pain and lack of mobility, difficult to exercise
Rheumatoid arthritis- causes inflammation of joint, due to a build-up of fluid, exercise can increase the risk of exercise
What is osteoporosis?
Reduction in bone density, it can be caused by a lack of calcium, vitamin D and a sedentary lifestyle
Reduction in bone mass makes the bones more brittle
Higher levels of weight bearing physical activity can reduce age related bone loss (strength training)
