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T Test > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Latin translation of osteocyte?

A

The Latin word osteocyte literally translates to ‘bone cell.’

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2
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone and sense physical stresses on bone.

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3
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that make bone.

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4
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone.

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5
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?

A

Osteoclasts perform mineral resorption, removing calcium from bone to enter the bloodstream.

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6
Q

How do neurons utilize calcium?

A

Neurons use calcium to communicate and rely on its presence in extracellular fluid for normal muscle contraction inhibition.

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7
Q

What condition results from hypocalcemia?

A

Sufficient deficits in plasma calcium (hypocalcemia) cause tetany, an involuntary and continuous contraction of skeletal muscles.

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8
Q

What vital functions require calcium?

A

Blood clotting, mitosis, and other vital metabolic reactions require calcium.

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9
Q

What happens when too much calcium is depleted from bone?

A

When too much calcium is depleted from bone, osteoporosis results, leading to porous, weak, and brittle bones.

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10
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts allow mineralization in bones and produce a highly organized collagen matrix for hydroxyapatite binding.

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11
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate salt formed during the mineral deposition process in bones.

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12
Q

What gives bone its flexibility and strength?

A

Collagen protein gives bone flexibility, while the minerals that encrust those fibers provide strength.

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13
Q

What is brittle bone disease?

A

Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) is a condition that causes fragile and brittle bones due to genetically-based corruption of the collagen matrix.

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14
Q

How is compact bone structured?

A

In compact bone, the mineral-laden collagen matrix is organized into long concentric layers called lamellae.

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15
Q

What are lacunae in bone structure?

A

Lacunae are microscopic pockets between lamellae where bone cells reside.

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16
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Canaliculi are microscopic tunnels that allow cell communication between lacunae.

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17
Q

What describes the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal system?

A

The skeletal system consists of compact and spongy bone, with osteons containing central canals for nerves and blood vessels.

Osteons are grouped concentric lamellae with canaliculi for cell communication.

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18
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Lacunae are microscopic pockets between lamellae where bone cells reside.

They facilitate cell communication through canaliculi.

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19
Q

What is an osteon?

A

An osteon is a grouping of concentric lamellae that contains a central canal.

The central canal is also known as the Haversian canal.

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20
Q

What do Haversian canals do?

A

Haversian canals are passageways for nerves and blood vessels within osteons.

They connect through Volkmann’s canals.

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21
Q

What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

A

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone has fewer osteons and is lighter.

Spongy bone contains bone marrow.

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22
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow is the site of blood formation and plays a role in the immune system.

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23
Q

What is yellow bone marrow primarily composed of?

A

Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of adipose tissue (fat).

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24
Q

What is the longest long bone in the adult body?

A

The longest long bone in the adult body is the femur.

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25
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long bones have a pronounced longitudinal axis and provide mechanical advantages of levers at points of articulation.

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26
Q

What type of movement do hinge joints allow?

A

Hinge joints, such as those in the elbow and knee, allow for flexion and extension along one plane.

27
Q

What movements do ball and socket joints allow?

A

Ball and socket joints allow for abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, circumduction, and rotation.

28
Q

What are short bones?

A

Short bones, like those in the wrist and ankles, have a width similar to their height and articulate as gliding joints.

29
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Flat bones, such as the plates of the skull, connect at fused joints called sutures.

30
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Irregular bones do not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones.

31
Q

What soft tissues associate with the skeleton?

A

The skeleton associates with cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and the periosteum.

32
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage at bone-joint interfaces?

A

Hyaline cartilage protects bone-joint interfaces from trauma.

33
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis is inflammation and pain of a joint due to worn-down cartilage that offers insufficient protection.

34
Q

What are the two major divisions of the human skeleton?

A

The two major divisions of the human skeleton are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

35
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, thoracic cage (ribs and sternum), and a series of vertebrae.

36
Q

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton provides protection for the brain, heart, and lungs, and plays a major role in metabolism and movement.

37
Q

What is hyaline cartilage’s role in bone growth?

A

Hyaline cartilage is involved in bone elongation at the epiphyseal plate, where newly generated cartilage is turned into bone.

38
Q

What indicates the termination of growth in long bones?

A

An epiphyseal line develops when the epiphyseal plate stops producing cartilage, indicating the termination of growth.

39
Q

What condition results from premature closure of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Achondroplastic dwarfism results from the epiphyseal plate stopping growth at a premature age.

40
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of arthritis caused by an autoimmune reaction, leading to joint inflammation and pain.

41
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis differ from osteoarthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an autoimmune reaction, while osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear at the joint.

42
Q

What are sinuses in the skeletal system?

A

Sinuses are mucus membrane-lined cavities inside the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that connect with the nasal cavity.

43
Q

What are the smallest bones in the skull?

A

The three auditory ossicles in the middle ears.

44
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with the rest of the skeleton.

45
Q

What are the three groups of bones in the vertebral column?

A

The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

46
Q

What is cervical vertebra number 1 also known as?

A

C1, also known as the atlas.

47
Q

What motion does the atlas allow?

A

The nodding ‘yes’ motion of the head.

48
Q

What is C2 known as and what does it contain?

A

C2 is known as the axis and contains a vertical projection (dens) that fits into the atlas.

49
Q

What motion does the axis allow?

A

The side-to-side shaking ‘no’ motion of the head.

50
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

Fibrocartilage.

51
Q

What makes up the sacrum?

A

Five vertebrae that fuse together by adulthood.

52
Q

What is caudal to the sacrum?

A

The coccyx, or the tailbone.

53
Q

What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones of the appendages (arms and legs) and the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton, such as the scapula, clavicle, and hip bones.

54
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

A right and left scapula and clavicles.

55
Q

What bones make up the upper limbs?

A

The humerus, radius, and ulna.

56
Q

What do the metacarpals articulate with?

A

The phalanges of the fingers.

57
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

The left and right hip bones.

58
Q

What bones make up the lower limbs?

A

The femur, tibia, and fibula.

59
Q

What bones are included in the lower region of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The lower region includes the left and right hip bones of the pelvic girdle, the femur, and the tibia and fibula that articulate with the tarsals of the ankle.

60
Q

What are the metatarsals?

A

The metatarsals are the bones located between the tarsals and the phalanges of the toes.

61
Q

How do skeletal muscles and bones work together?

A

Skeletal muscles attach to bones and communicate with the central nervous system. When a muscle receives a signal to contract, it moves the connected bone.

62
Q

What connects muscles to bones?

A

Muscles connect to bones with tendons, which are made of connective tissue.

63
Q

What is the role of biceps and triceps in arm movement?

A

Biceps and triceps control the movement of the elbow by connecting to the arm bones and moving them into different positions when contracted.

64
Q

What are the terms for contracting and relaxing muscles?

A

The contracting muscle is called the ‘prime mover,’ and the relaxed muscle in the pair is called the ‘antagonist.’

T Test (15 decks)

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