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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What functions like fortifications of a castle to protect the body?

A

The immune system

The immune system is essential for defending against infections and diseases.

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2
Q

What are substances that the immune system detects as foreign called?

A

Antigens

Antigens serve as identification badges for the immune system.

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3
Q

What types of agents do antigens of viruses, parasitic protists, or parasitic bacteria trigger a defensive immune response against?

A

Pathogens

Pathogens are harmful agents that can cause disease.

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4
Q

What is the immune system’s response to foreign agents that are not pathogens called?

A

Allergies

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to harmless materials.

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5
Q

What pathology occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies cells of our own body as pathogens?

A

Autoimmune disease

Autoimmune diseases can lead to tissue damage and various health issues.

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6
Q

What is an example of an incompatibility generated by the immune system?

A

Organ and tissue rejection

Organ rejection can occur if the immune system sees the organ as foreign.

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7
Q

What happens if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

A

The immune system produces antibodies against the type B blood antigens

This response can be potentially fatal.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The immune system responds to _______ that the body perceives as foreign.

A

antigens

Antigens help the immune system identify harmful agents.

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9
Q

True or False: The immune system can only respond to pathogens.

A

False

The immune system can also react to non-pathogenic substances, such as allergens.

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10
Q

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system?

A

Physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

These lines of defense work together to protect the body.

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11
Q

What is responsible for organ and tissue rejection in the immune system?

A

Other incompatibilities generated by the immune system

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12
Q

What can occur if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

A

A potentially fatal immune system response

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13
Q

What does the immune system produce against any blood antigens not present in an individual’s own blood?

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

Why is injecting type A blood into a recipient who has type A blood not dangerous?

A

The immune system recognizes the antigens as being native

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15
Q

What happens during an incompatibility reaction?

A

The immune system reacts against foreign blood antigens

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16
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?

A

The external aspect of the innate immune system

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17
Q

What type of barriers does the external aspect of the innate immune system consist of?

A

Nonspecific barriers

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18
Q

Does the innate immune system defend against specific pathogens?

A

No

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19
Q

What structures are included in the external aspect of the innate immune system?

A

Skin and hair

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20
Q

What are external physical barriers to pathogen entry into the body?

A

Skin, hair, earwax, salt on skin, and eye-cleansing tears

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21
Q

What type of microorganisms live on the skin and other substrates in contact with the external environment?

A

Normal bacterial floral (commensal micro-organisms)

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22
Q

Where do normal bacterial florals reside in the body?

A

On the skin, digestive system, respiratory system, and parts of the female reproductive system

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23
Q

What are mucus membranes considered in the context of the innate immune system?

A

External barriers to pathogens

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24
Q

What substances in mucus, tears, and saliva act as additional barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Antimicrobial substances

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25
What activates the internal defenses of the innate immune system?
The internal defenses are activated if the external barrier is breached.
26
What are the main components of the internal aspect of the innate immune system?
A collection of nonspecific cellular responses such as inflammation, production of interferon, and ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes.
27
What happens when bacteria and viruses enter through a cut?
They encounter specific kinds of white blood cells that ingest pathogens by phagocytosis.
28
What is a large phagocytic white blood cell that ingests pathogens?
Macrophage.
29
What role does a macrophage take after consuming a pathogen?
It becomes an antigen-presenting cell (APC) by putting parts of the ingested antigens on its cell membrane.
30
What other cells can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Dendritic cells and B cells.
31
What do macrophages produce to broadcast the location of pathogens?
Cell-signaling molecules called cytokines.
32
True or False: The innate immune system's internal defenses are specific to particular pathogens.
False.
33
Fill in the blank: The ingestion of pathogens by white blood cells is known as _______.
phagocytosis.
34
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
The internal aspect of the innate immune system.
35
What is the function of macrophages in the immune system?
To produce cell-signaling molecules called cytokines that broadcast the location of pathogens to other white blood cells.
36
What triggers capillary permeability and vasodilation in the immune response?
Histamine.
37
What are the effects of histamine on white blood cells?
It makes it easier for more white blood cells to leak from capillaries into the area in need of defense.
38
What symptoms characterize inflammation in the innate immune response?
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
39
What do some types of white blood cells secrete to prevent virus replication?
Interferons.
40
What type of immune system response is the Innate Immune System?
Nonspecific response.
41
What type of immune system response is the Adaptive Immune System?
Responds to specific antigens.
42
What are the external components of the innate immune system?
* Skin * Hair * Mucus * Earwax * Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes)
43
What are the internal components of the innate immune system?
* Cytotoxic T cells * B cells (produce antibodies) * NK lymphocytes * Interferons * Complement
44
What activates helper T cells?
Antigen-presenting cells (APC).
45
Fill in the blank: _______ cells kill pathogens.
Cytotoxic T
46
Fill in the blank: B cells produce _______.
antibodies
47
True or False: The innate immune system responds specifically to antigens.
False.
48
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
To signal the location of pathogens to other white blood cells.
49
What are the two main aspects of the immune system?
Innate immune system and adaptive immune system ## Footnote The innate immune system operates quickly and is nonspecific, while the adaptive immune system develops specific defenses.
50
How does the innate immune system respond to pathogens?
Quickly and nonspecifically ## Footnote It does not require prior history with a particular pathogen to trigger a reaction.
51
What does it mean if an immune response is described as 'innate'?
It is inherent at birth ## Footnote Innate responses are present from the moment of birth.
52
What is the body's third line of defense against pathogens?
The adaptive immune system ## Footnote This system is characterized by specific responses to specific antigens.
53
How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?
Develops specific defenses to particular antigens ## Footnote Adaptive immunity deals with pathogens at a slower rate compared to the innate system.
54
True or False: The adaptive immune system operates quickly in response to pathogens.
False ## Footnote The adaptive immune system operates at a slower rate as it develops specific defenses.
55
Fill in the blank: The adaptive immune system deals with perceived pathogens at a _______.
slower rate ## Footnote This is due to the unique nature of each defense developed.
56
What triggers the adaptive immune system?
The internal presence of specific antigens ## Footnote This system is activated in response to antigens that the body recognizes as foreign.
57
What is the role of adaptive immunity?
Deals with perceived pathogens at a slower rate but triggers a fast response upon re-exposure to the antigen ## Footnote Adaptive immunity relies on the memory of previous encounters with pathogens.
58
What type of white blood cells are involved in adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes, including natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells ## Footnote Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response.
59
Where do T cells undergo maturation?
In the thymus ## Footnote This maturation is essential for T cells to become activated.
60
What happens to mature T cells in the presence of an antigen?
They become activated into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory cells ## Footnote Activation is a critical step in mounting an immune response.
61
What is the function of helper T cells?
Secrete interleukins that trigger the action of other immune cells ## Footnote Helper T cells play a central role in coordinating the immune response.
62
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Attack foreign cells ## Footnote They play a crucial role in eliminating infected or cancerous cells.
63
What are memory T cells?
Cells that respond quickly to an antigen upon re-exposure ## Footnote Memory T cells provide long-lasting immunity against previously encountered pathogens.
64
What type of immunity is associated with T cells attacking parasitic worms, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues?
Cell-mediated immunity ## Footnote This form of immunity relies on T lymphocytes.
65
What activates B cells?
Helper T cells ## Footnote The interaction between T cells and B cells is essential for antibody production.
66
What do B cells produce in response to antigens?
Antibodies ## Footnote Antibodies are crucial for identifying and neutralizing pathogens.
67
What are plasma cells?
Cells that B cells multiply into, producing large amounts of antibodies ## Footnote Plasma cells are the effector form of B cells.
68
What are antibodies also known as?
Immunoglobulins ## Footnote Antibodies serve as specific markers for pathogens.
69
Fill in the blank: Antibodies have a _______ region that fits a specific antigen.
variable ## Footnote The variable region allows antibodies to bind specifically to antigens.
70
What is antibody-mediated immunity also known as?
Humoral immunity ## Footnote This type of immunity is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.
71
What is immunicy?
Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the body's production of antibodies ## Footnote Immunicy is a misspelling; the correct term is immunity.
72
What triggers antibody production in the body?
The body's immune response to an infection ## Footnote Antibody production can also be stimulated by vaccines.
73
What is a vaccine?
A solution of dead or weakened pathogens introduced to stimulate antibody production against that pathogen ## Footnote Vaccines are crucial for preventing diseases by enhancing immunity.
74
Fill in the blank: Antibody production can be caused by the body's immune response to an _______.
infection
75
True or False: A vaccine contains live pathogens.
False ## Footnote Vaccines contain either dead or weakened pathogens.

T Test (15 decks)

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