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T Test > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What functions like fortifications of a castle to protect the body?

A

The immune system

The immune system is essential for defending against infections and diseases.

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2
Q

What are substances that the immune system detects as foreign called?

A

Antigens

Antigens serve as identification badges for the immune system.

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3
Q

What types of agents do antigens of viruses, parasitic protists, or parasitic bacteria trigger a defensive immune response against?

A

Pathogens

Pathogens are harmful agents that can cause disease.

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4
Q

What is the immune system’s response to foreign agents that are not pathogens called?

A

Allergies

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to harmless materials.

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5
Q

What pathology occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies cells of our own body as pathogens?

A

Autoimmune disease

Autoimmune diseases can lead to tissue damage and various health issues.

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6
Q

What is an example of an incompatibility generated by the immune system?

A

Organ and tissue rejection

Organ rejection can occur if the immune system sees the organ as foreign.

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7
Q

What happens if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

A

The immune system produces antibodies against the type B blood antigens

This response can be potentially fatal.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The immune system responds to _______ that the body perceives as foreign.

A

antigens

Antigens help the immune system identify harmful agents.

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9
Q

True or False: The immune system can only respond to pathogens.

A

False

The immune system can also react to non-pathogenic substances, such as allergens.

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10
Q

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system?

A

Physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

These lines of defense work together to protect the body.

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11
Q

What is responsible for organ and tissue rejection in the immune system?

A

Other incompatibilities generated by the immune system

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12
Q

What can occur if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

A

A potentially fatal immune system response

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13
Q

What does the immune system produce against any blood antigens not present in an individual’s own blood?

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

Why is injecting type A blood into a recipient who has type A blood not dangerous?

A

The immune system recognizes the antigens as being native

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15
Q

What happens during an incompatibility reaction?

A

The immune system reacts against foreign blood antigens

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16
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?

A

The external aspect of the innate immune system

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17
Q

What type of barriers does the external aspect of the innate immune system consist of?

A

Nonspecific barriers

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18
Q

Does the innate immune system defend against specific pathogens?

A

No

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19
Q

What structures are included in the external aspect of the innate immune system?

A

Skin and hair

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20
Q

What are external physical barriers to pathogen entry into the body?

A

Skin, hair, earwax, salt on skin, and eye-cleansing tears

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21
Q

What type of microorganisms live on the skin and other substrates in contact with the external environment?

A

Normal bacterial floral (commensal micro-organisms)

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22
Q

Where do normal bacterial florals reside in the body?

A

On the skin, digestive system, respiratory system, and parts of the female reproductive system

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23
Q

What are mucus membranes considered in the context of the innate immune system?

A

External barriers to pathogens

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24
Q

What substances in mucus, tears, and saliva act as additional barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Antimicrobial substances

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25
Q

What activates the internal defenses of the innate immune system?

A

The internal defenses are activated if the external barrier is breached.

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26
Q

What are the main components of the internal aspect of the innate immune system?

A

A collection of nonspecific cellular responses such as inflammation, production of interferon, and ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes.

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27
Q

What happens when bacteria and viruses enter through a cut?

A

They encounter specific kinds of white blood cells that ingest pathogens by phagocytosis.

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28
Q

What is a large phagocytic white blood cell that ingests pathogens?

A

Macrophage.

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29
Q

What role does a macrophage take after consuming a pathogen?

A

It becomes an antigen-presenting cell (APC) by putting parts of the ingested antigens on its cell membrane.

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30
Q

What other cells can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

Dendritic cells and B cells.

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31
Q

What do macrophages produce to broadcast the location of pathogens?

A

Cell-signaling molecules called cytokines.

32
Q

True or False: The innate immune system’s internal defenses are specific to particular pathogens.

A

False.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The ingestion of pathogens by white blood cells is known as _______.

A

phagocytosis.

34
Q

What is the second line of defense in the immune system?

A

The internal aspect of the innate immune system.

35
Q

What is the function of macrophages in the immune system?

A

To produce cell-signaling molecules called cytokines that broadcast the location of pathogens to other white blood cells.

36
Q

What triggers capillary permeability and vasodilation in the immune response?

A

Histamine.

37
Q

What are the effects of histamine on white blood cells?

A

It makes it easier for more white blood cells to leak from capillaries into the area in need of defense.

38
Q

What symptoms characterize inflammation in the innate immune response?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

39
Q

What do some types of white blood cells secrete to prevent virus replication?

A

Interferons.

40
Q

What type of immune system response is the Innate Immune System?

A

Nonspecific response.

41
Q

What type of immune system response is the Adaptive Immune System?

A

Responds to specific antigens.

42
Q

What are the external components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Mucus
  • Earwax
  • Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes)
43
Q

What are the internal components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • B cells (produce antibodies)
  • NK lymphocytes
  • Interferons
  • Complement
44
Q

What activates helper T cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APC).

45
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ cells kill pathogens.

A

Cytotoxic T

46
Q

Fill in the blank: B cells produce _______.

A

antibodies

47
Q

True or False: The innate immune system responds specifically to antigens.

A

False.

48
Q

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

A

To signal the location of pathogens to other white blood cells.

49
Q

What are the two main aspects of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system and adaptive immune system

The innate immune system operates quickly and is nonspecific, while the adaptive immune system develops specific defenses.

50
Q

How does the innate immune system respond to pathogens?

A

Quickly and nonspecifically

It does not require prior history with a particular pathogen to trigger a reaction.

51
Q

What does it mean if an immune response is described as ‘innate’?

A

It is inherent at birth

Innate responses are present from the moment of birth.

52
Q

What is the body’s third line of defense against pathogens?

A

The adaptive immune system

This system is characterized by specific responses to specific antigens.

53
Q

How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?

A

Develops specific defenses to particular antigens

Adaptive immunity deals with pathogens at a slower rate compared to the innate system.

54
Q

True or False: The adaptive immune system operates quickly in response to pathogens.

A

False

The adaptive immune system operates at a slower rate as it develops specific defenses.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: The adaptive immune system deals with perceived pathogens at a _______.

A

slower rate

This is due to the unique nature of each defense developed.

56
Q

What triggers the adaptive immune system?

A

The internal presence of specific antigens

This system is activated in response to antigens that the body recognizes as foreign.

57
Q

What is the role of adaptive immunity?

A

Deals with perceived pathogens at a slower rate but triggers a fast response upon re-exposure to the antigen

Adaptive immunity relies on the memory of previous encounters with pathogens.

58
Q

What type of white blood cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes, including natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells

Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response.

59
Q

Where do T cells undergo maturation?

A

In the thymus

This maturation is essential for T cells to become activated.

60
Q

What happens to mature T cells in the presence of an antigen?

A

They become activated into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory cells

Activation is a critical step in mounting an immune response.

61
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

Secrete interleukins that trigger the action of other immune cells

Helper T cells play a central role in coordinating the immune response.

62
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Attack foreign cells

They play a crucial role in eliminating infected or cancerous cells.

63
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

Cells that respond quickly to an antigen upon re-exposure

Memory T cells provide long-lasting immunity against previously encountered pathogens.

64
Q

What type of immunity is associated with T cells attacking parasitic worms, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

This form of immunity relies on T lymphocytes.

65
Q

What activates B cells?

A

Helper T cells

The interaction between T cells and B cells is essential for antibody production.

66
Q

What do B cells produce in response to antigens?

A

Antibodies

Antibodies are crucial for identifying and neutralizing pathogens.

67
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells that B cells multiply into, producing large amounts of antibodies

Plasma cells are the effector form of B cells.

68
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies serve as specific markers for pathogens.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: Antibodies have a _______ region that fits a specific antigen.

A

variable

The variable region allows antibodies to bind specifically to antigens.

70
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity also known as?

A

Humoral immunity

This type of immunity is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.

71
Q

What is immunicy?

A

Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the body’s production of antibodies

Immunicy is a misspelling; the correct term is immunity.

72
Q

What triggers antibody production in the body?

A

The body’s immune response to an infection

Antibody production can also be stimulated by vaccines.

73
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A solution of dead or weakened pathogens introduced to stimulate antibody production against that pathogen

Vaccines are crucial for preventing diseases by enhancing immunity.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: Antibody production can be caused by the body’s immune response to an _______.

A

infection

75
Q

True or False: A vaccine contains live pathogens.

A

False

Vaccines contain either dead or weakened pathogens.

T Test (15 decks)

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