Cell Structure Flashcards
What are the three main parts of a cell?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
What are organelles?
additional structures within a cell that carry out metabolic life function
How are organelles compared to organs?
Organelles are often compared to the organs that sustain the functioning of our bodies.
What makes the plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
What is required to understand the hierarchy of structures and functions within the human body?
A general knowledge of cell parts and their functions, and the ability to explain and differentiate between mitosis and meiosis is required.
What resources are available for learning about cell structure and function?
Resources include print textbooks, online content and quizzes, and free online textbooks.
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
What is the cytoplasm?
semifluid substance inside the membrane that contains the organelles.
What is the nucleus?
most prominent organelle in the cell, and contains genetic material in the form of DNA.
Why is the nucleus referred to as the control center of the cell?
The nucleus encodes for all the proteins necessary for the cell and the organism to carry out its life functions.
What happens during cell division?
the DNA is replicated in its entirety
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
flattened sacs covered with ribosomes.
What is the function of ribosomes?
synthesis of the protein
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
has no ribosomes and lipid production and storage.
What happens to proteins made on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi
What is the Golgi complex’s role?
modifies, packages, and transports proteins to where they are needed
What are lysosomes?
vesicles of digestive enzymes
How do cells create usable energy?
For a cell to complete cellular processes, it must create usable cellular energy from the energy stored in nutrients.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria change food energy into usable cellular energy via cellular respiration.
The usable cell energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What is the process of mitosis?
Mitosis is the process where one cell reproduces into two genetically identical daughter cells.
What occurs during interphase in mitosis?
During interphase, DNA replicates.
What happens in prophase of mitosis?
In prophase, chromosomes condense, and visible chromosomes appear.
What occurs during metaphase in mitosis?
During metaphase, chromosomes align.
What happens in anaphase of mitosis?
In anaphase, chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles, and cell division begins.
What occurs during telophase in mitosis?
During telophase, two nuclei form, and daughter cells separate.
What occurs during Anaphase?
Chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles. Cell division begins.
What happens during Telophase?
Two nuclei form. Daughter cells separate.
What is the process of meiosis?
The nucleus of a germ cell divides, and then each part divides again, producing four gametes, or sex cells.
What is unique about the genetic information in gametes?
Each sex cell has half the genetic information of the original germ cell and supplies half the genetic information for sexual reproduction.
What occurs during Interphase?
DNA replicates.
What occurs during Interphase?
DNA replicates.
What happens in Prophase I of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes pair.
What occurs during Metaphase I of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes align.
What happens in Anaphase I of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes pull to opposite ends of the cell.
What occurs during Telophase I of Meiosis I?
Nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two.
What happens in Prophase II of Meiosis II?
Daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell.
What occurs during Metaphase II of Meiosis II?
Chromosomes align.
What happens in Anaphase II of Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells.
What occurs during Telophase II of Meiosis II?
Nuclear membranes form as the two cells separate into four haploid daughter cells.
What are tissues?
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a shared function are classified as tissues.
What are the four basic types of tissues?
- Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier (e.g., skin).
- Connective tissue connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind and support body parts.
- Muscle tissue moves the body and its contents by contraction.
- Nervous tissue receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body.
How are tissues organized?
Tissues are organized into organs, which consist of two or more different tissues and have a specific shape and function.
What is an example of an organ made up of all four tissue types?
Skin is an organ on the outside of the body that is made up of all four tissue types, and its main function is that it acts as a protective barrier.
What is an example of an internal organ?
The kidney is an internal organ with a definite shape and function.
What are organs?
Organs are structures made up of two or more different tissues that have a specific shape and function.
What is an example of an external organ?
Skin is an external organ made up of all four tissue types, primarily functioning as a protective barrier.
What is the main function of the kidney?
The kidney recycles nutrients and filters wastes from the blood.
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of related organs that work together to perform a common multifaceted function.
What is the function of the digestive system?
The digestive system breaks down and processes food, eliminating solid waste.
Which organs are involved in the digestive system?
The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system exchanges CO2 for O2.
Which organs are involved in the respiratory system?
The respiratory system includes the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
How do organ systems maintain homeostasis?
Organ systems work together in a harmonized fashion to maintain homeostasis in the human organism.
