English Flashcards
What is the rule for ‘I before E’?
I before E except after C
Examples include ‘conceive’ and ‘deceive’.
Give examples of words that sound like A.
their, vein, reign
These words have vowel sounds similar to A.
What are some exceptions to the ‘I before E’ rule?
caffeine, neither, weird
These words do not follow the I before E rule.
What happens to the final E when adding certain suffixes?
Drop the final E
Applies when suffixes like ‘fy’, ‘ing’, or ‘itis’ are added.
When should you keep the final E?
If the suffix begins with a vowel
Examples: ‘Duly’ from ‘Due’ and ‘peaceable’ from ‘peace’.
What happens when adding a suffix to a word ending in Y with a consonant?
Change Y to I
Example: ‘beautiful’ from ‘beauty’.
What happens when the Y is preceded by a vowel?
Keep the Y
Example: ‘playing’ from ‘play’.
What suffix begins with a vowel and affects Y?
Suffix begins with I
Example: ‘Applying’ from ‘apply’.
What is an exception to changing Y to I?
memorize
The word ‘memorize’ is an exception to the rule.
Define homophones.
Words that sound the same but are spelled differently
Examples include ‘to’, ‘two’, and ‘too’.
What is the purpose of punctuation in written language?
Punctuation provides direction as you journey through a piece of writing.
Why is mastery of punctuation important?
It allows you to read and write with clarity.
Which punctuation mark goes at the end of a question?
Question mark.
Name three types of punctuation marks mentioned.
- Commas
- Periods
- Question marks
True or False: Some punctuation rules are complex and require more thought.
True.
Fill in the blank: Punctuation is like a system of _______ for written language.
[road signs]
List four punctuation marks that have specific usage rules.
- Colons
- Semicolons
- Apostrophes
- Quotation marks
What is the relationship between punctuation and sentence complexity?
Some rules are more complex, especially with complex sentences.
What is a simple sentence?
A complete thought made up of a subject and a verb.
Example: The train arrived at six o’clock.
What defines a compound sentence?
Made up of two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions include ‘and,’ ‘but,’ or ‘or.’
What punctuation is used before a conjunction in a compound sentence?
A comma.
This helps clarify the connection between the two independent clauses.
What are the three types of sentences mentioned?
Simple, compound, and complex.
Each type has specific punctuation rules.
Fill in the blank: A _______ sentence is made up of a subject and a verb.
simple
True or False: A compound sentence can have only one independent clause.
False.
A compound sentence requires at least two independent clauses.
What is the role of punctuation in sentences?
To clarify various types of sentences.
This includes distinguishing between simple, compound, and complex sentences.
What are the two independent clauses in the example sentence: ‘The train arrived at six o’clock; Joe was five minutes late’?
The train arrived at six o’clock
Joe was five minutes late
What punctuation is used to separate two independent clauses when no connecting word is present?
Semicolon
What is a conjunctive adverb?
A word that shows the connection between two independent clauses
Name four examples of conjunctive adverbs.
- however
- therefore
- otherwise
- nevertheless
In the complex sentence example, what is the structure of a complex sentence?
An independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
What is a dependent clause?
A clause that has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought
Fill in the blank: A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more _______.
[dependent clauses]
True or False: A dependent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
False
What is the role of a dependent clause in a complex sentence?
It depends on the independent clause for its meaning
What is a dependent clause?
A clause that cannot stand alone without an independent clause.
In the sentence ‘Since they added that new station, the trains have been taking a lot longer to arrive’, what part is the dependent clause?
‘Since they added that new station.’
True or False: A dependent clause needs punctuation when it follows an independent clause.
False
When does a dependent clause require a comma?
When it comes at the beginning of a sentence.
Fill in the blank: A dependent clause could not stand alone without the _______.
[independent clause]
What punctuation is used to separate a dependent clause from the rest of the sentence when it is at the beginning?
A comma.
What is one use of a comma in a sentence?
To set off an introductory word, phrase, or clause
Example: “Well, that was an interesting discussion!”
How are commas used in a series?
To separate items in a series
Example: “I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.”
What is a nonessential element in a sentence?
A word, phrase, or clause that is not needed to understand the meaning of a sentence
Example: “My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting.”
True or False: Commas are needed on either side of a nonessential element that is in the middle of a sentence.
True
This indicates the nonessential nature of the element.
Fill in the blank: A comma is used to indicate _______ in the flow of a sentence.
pauses
What is the function of commas in sentences with nonessential elements at the end?
To set off the nonessential element from the rest of the sentence
Example: “The book, which I borrowed from the library, is fascinating.”
List three basic ways to use commas.
- To set off an introductory word, phrase, or clause
- To separate items in a series
- To separate nonessential elements
How does understanding the rules governing commas impact writing?
It helps in using commas correctly.
What is the purpose of the serial comma?
To clarify lists by placing a comma before the conjunction in a series.
Many editors and publishers prefer the serial comma, but it is a matter of style rather than a strict rule.
Is the lack of a serial comma before ‘and’ in a list considered an error?
No, it is a preference and not an error.
The sentence still requires commas between all other items in the series.
What are coordinate adjectives?
Adjectives that are equal and can be reordered with ‘and’ without changing meaning.
Examples include ‘healthy, delicious’ in ‘Cherries are a healthy, delicious fruit.’
When is a comma not used after an adjective?
After a noncoordinate adjective, such as those showing quantity.
Examples include ‘two,’ ‘many,’ and ‘most.’
Provide an example of using commas to separate cities and states.
Example: ‘Los Angeles, California’
A comma is placed before and after the state or country.
Fill in the blank: Commas are used to separate coordinate adjectives, which are adjectives that are _______.
equal
True or False: Commas are only used in lists.
False
Commas are also used to separate coordinate adjectives and various geographical names.
What is a specific convention for using commas in relation to cities and states?
A comma is used to separate cities and states, cities and countries, and other political units, with a comma placed before and after the state or country.
Example: Buenos Aires, Argentina, is known for its nightlife.
When is a comma used in dates?
A comma is used to separate the day from the year in a date. No comma is needed when only a month is included.
Example: My son was born on February 7, 2020. My daughter was born in January 2021.
What is the purpose of quotation marks?
Quotation marks are used for direct quotations, indicating the beginning and end of someone else’s words.
The opening quotation mark identifies where the other person’s words begin; the closing quotation mark shows where they end.
Fill in the blank: A comma is placed _______ and after the state or country in a sentence.
before
True or False: A comma is required when only the month is included in a date.
False
What is the purpose of using correct sentence structures?
To combine dependent and independent clauses and phrases correctly when prompted.
What are the Eight Parts of Speech?
Noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
What is a simple sentence?
An independent clause that is a complete thought made up of a subject and a predicate, which includes a verb and any modifiers.
What are the four types of sentences?
Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.
What is an independent clause?
A clause that can stand on its own and is complete without adding any more words.
What components make up a sentence?
Subjects, predicates, phrases, and clauses.
What is the purpose of using correct sentence structures?
To combine dependent and independent clauses and phrases correctly when prompted.
What are the Eight Parts of Speech?
Noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
What is a simple sentence?
An independent clause that is a complete thought made up of a subject and a predicate, which includes a verb and any modifiers.
What are the four types of sentences?
Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.
What is an independent clause?
A clause that can stand on its own and is complete without adding any more words.
What components make up a sentence?
Subjects, predicates, phrases, and clauses.
What is a compound sentence?
A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Example: The tiny kitten curled into a ball, and she slept for the entire day.
What are independent clauses?
Independent clauses are complete sentences that have their own subject and verb.
What is a coordinating conjunction?
A coordinating conjunction is a connecting word used to join independent clauses, such as ‘but,’ ‘or,’ ‘so,’ ‘for,’ or ‘and.’
What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
What is a dependent clause?
A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause but begins with a subordinating word and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example: Although the tiny kitten slept the entire day, at night she was.