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Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Provide framework
  2. Protect internal organs
  3. Provide RBC’s
  4. Movement
  5. Stores minerals
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2
Q

What are the two main bone groups?

A
  1. Axial Skeleton: (80) main trunk: skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, sternum
  2. Appendicular Skeleton: (126) extremities: limbs, shoulders, and hips
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3
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

A protein called collagen and minerals.

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue in the bone?

A
  1. Compact bone
  2. Spongy bone
  3. Marrow
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A
  1. Red: produces blood cells for the body
  2. Yellow: stores fat
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6
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A
  1. Long: legs and arms
  2. Short: wrists and ankles
  3. Flat: skull and shoulder blades
  4. Irregular: face and vertebrae
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8
Q

What is cartilage?

A

The strong, flexible, connective tissue in the joints. It serves as cushion.

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9
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired. (takes place daily)

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10
Q

Why is it harder for a baby”s bone to break? (Mr. B’s words)

A

They have a lot more cartilage that turns to bone later in life. This makes them more flexible.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of joints?

A
  1. Ball and socket: hip and shoulder
  2. Hinge: elbow, knee, ankle, and finger
  3. Pivot: head (turns the neck)
  4. Ellipsoidal: “gliding” (wrist)
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12
Q

What is a joint?

A

The point at which bones meet.

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13
Q

What is a ligament?

A

An elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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14
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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15
Q

What are 4 ways to care for your skeletal system?

A
  1. Regular exercise
  2. Lots of vitamin D (not milk)
  3. Minerals: calcium and phosphorus
  4. Protective gear
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16
Q

What is the most common skeletal problem?

A

Fractures: break in the bones

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17
Q

What are 3 major types of fractures?

A
  1. Closed/Simple: bone does not break the skin.
  2. Open/Compound: bone protrudes through the skin.
  3. Greenstick/Hairline: a small, slender crack
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18
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

It is the progressive loss of bone tissue. The bones become weak and brittle (mostly in older women because of the menstrual cycle)

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19
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral, or side to side, curvature of the spine. (typically at birth or childhood)

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20
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Torn ligaments that cause bones to slip out of place/joint.

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21
Q

What are 5 common joint injuries?

A
  1. Dislocation
  2. Torn Cartilage
  3. Bursitis
  4. Bunions
  5. Arthritis
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22
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa sac around the joint. (commonly in the shoulder or elbow)

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23
Q

What is a bunion?

A

Swelling of the bursa joint in the big toe.

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24
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of any joint.

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25
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

Femur (upper leg bone)

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26
Q

What are the smallest bones in the body?

A

Auditory ossicles (middle ear)

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27
Q

What is the easiest bone to break?

A

Collar bone/Clavicle (exposed)

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28
Q

How many muscles are in the human body?

A

Approximately 650

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29
Q

What are 4 major functions of the muscular system?

A
  1. Help you breath
  2. Make heart beat
  3. Move food through digestive system
  4. Body movement
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30
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Muscles used under conscious control.

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31
Q

What are involuntary muscles?

A

Muscles used under unconscious control (autonomic nervous system)

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32
Q

What is a muscle made of?

A

Hundreds of long cells called fibers.

33
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

A
  1. Slow twitch: use energy slowly (marathon)
  2. Fast twitch: use energy quickly (sprints)
34
Q

How do muscles work?

A

They always work in two complimentary (pairs), or opposing, actions.

35
Q

What are the 2 muscle actions?

A
  1. Contraction: the shortening of the muscle
  2. Extension: the stretching of the muscle
    - Both actions are triggered by nerve impulses
36
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissues? (explain)

A
  1. Smooth muscle: found in lining of passageways and internal organs (involuntary)
  2. Skeletal muscles: attached to bone and cause movement (most are voluntary)
  3. Cardiac muscle: forms the wall of the heart (involuntary)
37
Q

What are the two pairs of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Flexer: muscle that closes the joint
  2. Extensor: muscle that opens the joint
38
Q

Which muscles can you not strengthen?

A

Smooth muscles

39
Q

How do you care for your muscles?

A

Muscles have to be used!!!
- Regular physical exercise (aerobic and anaerobic)

40
Q

What happens to unused muscles?

A

Atrophy: they will decrease in size and strength

41
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The natural tension in muscle fibers (exercise increases muscle tone)

42
Q

What is the largest muscle in the body?

A

Gluteus maximus (butt)

43
Q

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

A

Stapedius (ear)

44
Q

What are 7 common muscle problems?

A
  1. Muscle soreness
  2. Cramps
  3. Bruise
  4. Strain
  5. Sprain
  6. Tendonitis
  7. Hernia
45
Q

What is muscle soreness?

A

Usually temporary, occurs after hard work/exercise.

46
Q

What are cramps?

A

Painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain.

47
Q

What is a bruise?

A

Are of discolored skin caused by rupture of blood vessel.

48
Q

What is a strain?

A

Muscle is stretched or partially torn.

49
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Injury to the ligament in a joint.

50
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon.

51
Q

What is a hernia?

A

When an organ or tissue protrudes through the muscle.

52
Q

What are the 2 major muscular diseases?

A
  1. Muscular dystrophy
  2. Muscular Sclerosis (MS)
53
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

An inherited disorder in which muscle fibers are progressively destroyed. (treatment but no cure)

54
Q

What is MS?

A

A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. (treatment but no cure)

55
Q

What is the treatment for muscle injuries?

A

RICE
1. Rest
2. Ice (add heat after)
3. Compression
4. Elevation

56
Q

What is the main purpose of the nervous system?

A

It coordinates all the activities of the body.

57
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system: (CVS) interprets messages sent from PNS and responds. (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Peripheral nervous system: (PNS) gathers info from inside and outside the body.(nerves, sensory receptors, autonomic)
58
Q

What are neurons and what do they do?

A

They are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry messages, or impulses, from one part of the body to another.

59
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory: senses
  2. Motor: movement
  3. Interneurons: connect sensory and motor neurons
60
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum: largest and most complex
  2. Cerebellum: 2nd largest, coordinates movement of skeletal muscles/balance
  3. Brain stem: 3 inch stalk of nerve cells, connects spine to brain
61
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Left: language, reason, analysis, memory
  2. Right: music, art, relationships
62
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Long column of nerve tissue (highway) - nerve impulses (18 in. down back)

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body: control center
  2. Dendrites: receive info
  3. Axons: transmit info
64
Q

What is the brain?

A

The bodies control center: controls the activities of the nervous system.

65
Q

What are the five main functions of the brain?

A
  1. Thought
  2. Memory
  3. Reason
  4. Muscle movement
  5. Emotions
66
Q

How long can the brain go undamaged without oxygen?

A

5 minutes

67
Q

What are vertebrae?

A

Bones of the spinal column to protect it.

68
Q

What is the most important thing you can do to care for the nervous system?

A

Protect it from injury.

68
Q

What is the reflex action?

A

Allows you to react quickly to potential harmful situations (automatic).

69
Q

What are two common head injuries?

A
  1. Concussion: bruise to the brain (brain hits the skull)
  2. Coma: prolonged period of unconsciousness (disease or drugs)
70
Q

List common spinal chord injuries.

A
  1. Paralysis
  2. Meningitis
  3. Seizure
  4. Headaches
71
Q

What is paralysis?

A

The loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body.

72
Q

What is meningits?

A

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

73
Q

What is a seizure?

A

A sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulse.

74
Q

What can a seizure lead to?

A

Epilepsy

75
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

A brain disorder that cuases recurring, unprovoked seizures.

76
Q

What is a headache?

A

Continuous haid pain (most common problem of the nervous system)

77
Q

What are the treatments for injuries to the nervous system?

A

Proper diet, water, exercise, and sleep.

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