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Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Provide framework
  2. Protect internal organs
  3. Provide RBC’s
  4. Movement
  5. Stores minerals
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2
Q

What are the two main bone groups?

A
  1. Axial Skeleton: (80) main trunk: skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, sternum
  2. Appendicular Skeleton: (126) extremities: limbs, shoulders, and hips
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3
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

A protein called collagen and minerals.

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue in the bone?

A
  1. Compact bone
  2. Spongy bone
  3. Marrow
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A
  1. Red: produces blood cells for the body
  2. Yellow: stores fat
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6
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A
  1. Long: legs and arms
  2. Short: wrists and ankles
  3. Flat: skull and shoulder blades
  4. Irregular: face and vertebrae
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8
Q

What is cartilage?

A

The strong, flexible, connective tissue in the joints. It serves as cushion.

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9
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired. (takes place daily)

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10
Q

Why is it harder for a baby”s bone to break? (Mr. B’s words)

A

They have a lot more cartilage that turns to bone later in life. This makes them more flexible.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of joints?

A
  1. Ball and socket: hip and shoulder
  2. Hinge: elbow, knee, ankle, and finger
  3. Pivot: head (turns the neck)
  4. Ellipsoidal: “gliding” (wrist)
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12
Q

What is a joint?

A

The point at which bones meet.

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13
Q

What is a ligament?

A

An elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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14
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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15
Q

What are 4 ways to care for your skeletal system?

A
  1. Regular exercise
  2. Lots of vitamin D (not milk)
  3. Minerals: calcium and phosphorus
  4. Protective gear
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16
Q

What is the most common skeletal problem?

A

Fractures: break in the bones

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17
Q

What are 3 major types of fractures?

A
  1. Closed/Simple: bone does not break the skin.
  2. Open/Compound: bone protrudes through the skin.
  3. Greenstick/Hairline: a small, slender crack
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18
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

It is the progressive loss of bone tissue. The bones become weak and brittle (mostly in older women because of the menstrual cycle)

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19
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral, or side to side, curvature of the spine. (typically at birth or childhood)

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20
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Torn ligaments that cause bones to slip out of place/joint.

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21
Q

What are 5 common joint injuries?

A
  1. Dislocation
  2. Torn Cartilage
  3. Bursitis
  4. Bunions
  5. Arthritis
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22
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa sac around the joint. (commonly in the shoulder or elbow)

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23
Q

What is a bunion?

A

Swelling of the bursa joint in the big toe.

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24
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of any joint.

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25
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur (upper leg bone)
26
What are the smallest bones in the body?
Auditory ossicles (middle ear)
27
What is the easiest bone to break?
Collar bone/Clavicle (exposed)
28
How many muscles are in the human body?
Approximately 650
29
What are 4 major functions of the muscular system?
1. Help you breath 2. Make heart beat 3. Move food through digestive system 4. Body movement
30
What are voluntary muscles?
Muscles used under conscious control.
31
What are involuntary muscles?
Muscles used under unconscious control (autonomic nervous system)
32
What is a muscle made of?
Hundreds of long cells called fibers.
33
What are the two types of muscle fibers?
1. Slow twitch: use energy slowly (marathon) 2. Fast twitch: use energy quickly (sprints)
34
How do muscles work?
They always work in two complimentary (pairs), or opposing, actions.
35
What are the 2 muscle actions?
1. Contraction: the shortening of the muscle 2. Extension: the stretching of the muscle - Both actions are triggered by nerve impulses
36
What are 3 types of muscle tissues? (explain)
1. Smooth muscle: found in lining of passageways and internal organs (involuntary) 2. Skeletal muscles: attached to bone and cause movement (most are voluntary) 3. Cardiac muscle: forms the wall of the heart (involuntary)
37
What are the two pairs of skeletal muscles?
1. Flexer: muscle that closes the joint 2. Extensor: muscle that opens the joint
38
Which muscles can you not strengthen?
Smooth muscles
39
How do you care for your muscles?
Muscles have to be used!!! - Regular physical exercise (aerobic and anaerobic)
40
What happens to unused muscles?
Atrophy: they will decrease in size and strength
41
What is muscle tone?
The natural tension in muscle fibers (exercise increases muscle tone)
42
What is the largest muscle in the body?
Gluteus maximus (butt)
43
What is the smallest muscle in the body?
Stapedius (ear)
44
What are 7 common muscle problems?
1. Muscle soreness 2. Cramps 3. Bruise 4. Strain 5. Sprain 6. Tendonitis 7. Hernia
45
What is muscle soreness?
Usually temporary, occurs after hard work/exercise.
46
What are cramps?
Painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain.
47
What is a bruise?
Are of discolored skin caused by rupture of blood vessel.
48
What is a strain?
Muscle is stretched or partially torn.
49
What is a sprain?
Injury to the ligament in a joint.
50
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of the tendon.
51
What is a hernia?
When an organ or tissue protrudes through the muscle.
52
What are the 2 major muscular diseases?
1. Muscular dystrophy 2. Muscular Sclerosis (MS)
53
What is muscular dystrophy?
An inherited disorder in which muscle fibers are progressively destroyed. (treatment but no cure)
54
What is MS?
A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. (treatment but no cure)
55
What is the treatment for muscle injuries?
RICE 1. Rest 2. Ice (add heat after) 3. Compression 4. Elevation
56
What is the main purpose of the nervous system?
It coordinates all the activities of the body.
57
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
1. Central nervous system: (CVS) interprets messages sent from PNS and responds. (brain and spinal cord) 2. Peripheral nervous system: (PNS) gathers info from inside and outside the body.(nerves, sensory receptors, autonomic)
58
What are neurons and what do they do?
They are the basic unit of the nervous system. They carry messages, or impulses, from one part of the body to another.
59
What are the 3 types of neurons?
1. Sensory: senses 2. Motor: movement 3. Interneurons: connect sensory and motor neurons
60
What are the 3 parts of the brain?
1. Cerebrum: largest and most complex 2. Cerebellum: 2nd largest, coordinates movement of skeletal muscles/balance 3. Brain stem: 3 inch stalk of nerve cells, connects spine to brain
61
What are the 2 parts of the cerebrum?
1. Left: language, reason, analysis, memory 2. Right: music, art, relationships
62
What is the spinal cord?
Long column of nerve tissue (highway) - nerve impulses (18 in. down back)
63
What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
1. Cell body: control center 2. Dendrites: receive info 3. Axons: transmit info
64
What is the brain?
The bodies control center: controls the activities of the nervous system.
65
What are the five main functions of the brain?
1. Thought 2. Memory 3. Reason 4. Muscle movement 5. Emotions
66
How long can the brain go undamaged without oxygen?
5 minutes
67
What are vertebrae?
Bones of the spinal column to protect it.
68
What is the most important thing you can do to care for the nervous system?
Protect it from injury.
68
What is the reflex action?
Allows you to react quickly to potential harmful situations (automatic).
69
What are two common head injuries?
1. Concussion: bruise to the brain (brain hits the skull) 2. Coma: prolonged period of unconsciousness (disease or drugs)
70
List common spinal chord injuries.
1. Paralysis 2. Meningitis 3. Seizure 4. Headaches
71
What is paralysis?
The loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body.
72
What is meningits?
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
73
What is a seizure?
A sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulse.
74
What can a seizure lead to?
Epilepsy
75
What is epilepsy?
A brain disorder that cuases recurring, unprovoked seizures.
76
What is a headache?
Continuous haid pain (most common problem of the nervous system)
77
What are the treatments for injuries to the nervous system?
Proper diet, water, exercise, and sleep.

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