Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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2
Q

What is the composition of a bone?

A

50% water and 50% osseous tissue (solid, calcified material)

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3
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Function 1: Provide shape, support and framework to the body
Function 2: Protect internal organs
Function 3: Storage of minerals (e.g. salts, calcium, phosphorus)
Function 4: Hematopoiesis takes place in bone marrow
Function 5: Provide attachment to muscles
Function 6: Enable movement through articulation

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4
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Made up of Skull, Vertebral Column and Bony Thorax

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5
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A
  1. Limbs
  2. Pectoral girdle
  3. Pelvic girdle
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6
Q

How can bones be classified according to shape?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Pneumatic bones
Sesamoid bones

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of long bones?

A

Length is more than width
Shaft and two ends
Have a medullary cavity
Nutrient foramina
E.g.. Femur, radius, ulna, humerus

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8
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Growth plate
Medullary canal
Periosteum

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone which ossifies from primary center

Ossification = natural process of bone formation

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10
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone which ossify from secondary center

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11
Q

Metaphysis

A

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis which is rich in blood vessels

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12
Q

Growth plate/epiphyseal plate of cartilage

A

Cartilage layer between metaphysis and epiphysis
Proliferation of cells in cartilage increases the length of a long bone

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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity inside the diaphysis filled with bone marrow

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14
Q

What is the color of bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow in children
Yellow bone marrow in adults

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the outer surface of long bones besides the articular surfaces

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces

17
Q

Which arteries supply the different regions of the long bone?

A

Nutrient artery: Supply the inner two thirds of the bone
Periosteal arteries: Supply the outer one thirds

18
Q

Describe the course of the nutrient artery

A

Enters through nutrient foramen
Branches into ascending and descending branches which anastomose with metaphyseal & epiphyseal arteries

19
Q

Further classifications of long bones

A

Miniature long bones: Have a shaft with one epiphyseal end. E.g. metacarpal and metatarsal bones.
Modified long bones: Horizontally placed. No medullary cavity. E.g. clavicle

20
Q

What are the characteristics and examples of short bones?

A

No shaft
Small
Roughly cube shaped
E.g.: carpal & tarsal bones

21
Q

What are the characteristics of flat bones?

A

Thin, flat and curved bones
E.g. skull, sternum and scapula

22
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Bones which do not fit the bone categories
E.g. Vertebra, hip bone

23
Q

What is a pneumatic bone?

A

Bone that contain air-filled spaces
E.g. frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxilla

24
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Developed & embedded in the tendons or muscles
Resemble a sesame seed
Allows the tendon to exert greater force
E.g.: patella

25
Q

How long is the period of bone development?

A

Begins at the 6th week of embryo development and continues up to age of 25

26
Q

How is the embryonic skeleton formed?

A

Made from fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

27
Q

What are the types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops from mesenchyme. E.g. flat bones of skull, mandible and clavicle
Endochondral ossification: Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Forms most bones of the body