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MD1S1: Anatomy 201 > Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

Produce ova
Secrete estrogen and progesterone which are responsible for the development of the secondary sexual characters and regulation of pregnancy

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2
Q

What are the components of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum (pick the ova), ampulla (site of fertilization), isthmus and interstitial part

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3
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

External to internal:
1. Perimetrium - purple
2. Myometrium - green
3. Endometrium - blue

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4
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

External covering of peritoneum

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5
Q

Myometrium

A

Thick smooth muscle layer

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6
Q

Endometrium

A

Internal lining of mucosal layer

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7
Q

Layers of the endometrium?

A

Basal layer
Functional layer

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8
Q

Functions of the basal layer

A

Contains the ends of the uterine glands
Doesn’t shed during menstruation
Regenerates the functional layer

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9
Q

Functions of the functional layer

A

Disintegrates & sheds at menstruation and after delivery

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10
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Process of formation sperms (spermatogenesis) in males or ova (oogenesis) in females

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11
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Definition: Transformation of spermatogonia into sperm
Site: Occurs in seminiferous tubules of testis
Onset: Begins at puberty and continues throughout life

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12
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take to occur?

A

60 days in seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

How long do sperm last in female genital tract?

A

48 hours

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14
Q

What is 1 and its function?

A

Testis
Produce sperm and secrete testosterone

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15
Q

What is 2 and its function?

A

Epididymis
Stores the sperm

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16
Q

What is 3 and its function?

A

Vas deferens
Transports the sperm before ejaculation

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17
Q

What are 4 and 6 and their functions?

A

4 = Seminal vesicle
6 = Prostate
Secrete seminal alkaline fluid that nourishes sperm

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18
Q

What is 5 and its function?

A

Ejaculatory duct
Transfer the sperm into urethra

19
Q

What is 7 and its function?

A

Bulbourethral glands
Secrete clear fluid that washes the urethra just before ejaculation

20
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

4 stages of spermatogenesis:
1. Proliferation
2. Growth
3. Maturation
4. Transformation

21
Q

What is proliferation (spermatogenesis)?

A

Increase in number of spermatogonia
Spermatogonia (44 + XY) divide by mitosis into daughter spermatogonia which also contain (44 +XY)

22
Q

What is growth (spermatogenesis)?

A

Increase size of spermatogonia
The daughter spermatogonia enlarge to form primary spermatocytes, which have (44 + XY)

23
Q

Stages of maturation phase (spermatogenesis)

A

First maturation division
Second maturation division

24
Q

First maturation division (spermatogenesis)

A

Each primary spermatocyte produces 2 secondary spermatocytes, each contains (22 + X OR 22 + Y) of double stranded chromosomes

25
Q

Second maturation division (spermatogenesis)

A

Each secondary spermatocyte produces 2 spermatids, each contains (22 + X OR 22 + Y) of single stranded chromosomes

26
Q

What is transformation (spermatogenesis)?

A

Spermatids transformed to mature sperm
1. Nucleus condenses
2. Acrosome (sac of enzymes) forms
3. Most of the cytoplasm is shed
4. Flagellum appears

27
Q

What are the parts of the mature sperm?

A

Head composed of:
* Nucleus
* Acrosomal cap: Enzymes that facilitate penetration of secondary oocyte

Neck: Junction between head and tail

Tail: Responsible for motility. Composed of:
* Middle piece: Contains mitochondria
* Principal piece
* End piece

28
Q

Normal sperm count

A

Volume of ejaculate = 2-6 ml
Ejaculate contains 200-600 million sperm

~100 million sperm/ml

29
Q

What makes up the ejaculate?

A

Sperm = 5%
Secretions from seminal glands = 60%
Secretions from the prostate = 30%

30
Q

How do sperm move through the female reproductive system?

A

Slowly in acidic vaginal environment
Rapidly in alkaline uterine environment
~200 sperm reach fertilization site

Most sperm degenrate during passage through female genital tract

31
Q

What is azoospermia?

A

Absence of living sperms in the semen

32
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

<10 million sperm/ml = sterile
Immotile & abnormal shaped sperms may cause oligospermia

33
Q

How many sperm should be motile for potential fertility?

A

At least 40% of sperm should be motile after 2 hours for potential fertility

34
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Trans-scrotal incision of vas deferens
Most effective method of male contraception
No sperms in the ejaculate, but seminal fluid vole is the same as before

35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Definition: Transformation of oogonia into oocytes
Site: Occurs in the ovaries
Onset: Starts during the fetal period. Reactivated at puberty. Continues until menopause (45-55 years)

36
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis?

A

Prenatal events
1. Proliferation
2. Growth
3. Maturation: First maturation division

Postnatal events
1. Maturation: Completion of first maturation division
2. Maturation: Second maturation division

37
Q

What is proliferation (oogenesis)?

A

Oogonia proliferate by mitosis forming daughter oogonia (44 + XX)

38
Q

What is growth (oogenesis)?

A

Daughter oogonia enlarge to form primary oocytes (44 + XX)

39
Q

First maturation division (prenatal oogenesis)

A

Primary oocyte go through interphase & prophase
At birth, all primary oocytes have completed preparation for first meiotic division
They remain in prophase 1 until puberty

40
Q

First maturation division (postnatal ooegenesis)

A

Occurs at puberty
~Once every month in either ovary
Cytoplasmic division is unequal (large amount in secondary oocyte)
Each primary oocyte gives rise secondary oocyte & 1st polar body (22 + X) each

40
Q

First maturation division (postnatal oogenesis)

A

Occurs at puberty
~Once every month in either ovary
Cytoplasmic division is unequal (large amount in secondary oocyte)
Each primary oocyte gives rise secondary oocyte & 1st polar body (22 + X) each

Polar body is discarded
If the first polar body doesn’t degenerate, it divides into 2 polar bodies each of them has (22 + X)

41
Q

Second maturation division (oogenesis)

A

Occurs in the uterine tube if fertilization occurs
The 2ry oocyte produces
* Mature ovum (22 + X) = fertilized 2ry oocyte
* 2nd polar body (22 + X)

42
Q

Layers of the secondary oocyte

A

Zona pellucida: Non cellular covering of glycoprotein
Corona radiata: Layer of follicular cells
Peri-vitelline space (blue region): Space between zona pellucida & oocyte (red region) cell membrane

43
Q

What are the potential results of non-disjunction during meiosis II?

A

Three possible abnormal gametes

Cell without any chromosomes is not considered a gamete

MD1S1: Anatomy 201 (24 decks)

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