Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Flexion
A
Joint movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones
2
Q
Ulna
A
One of the two bones of the antebrachium that forms the major portion of the elbow
3
Q
Parietal Bones
A
- Paired external cranial bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium
- These are large in cats & dogs, but small in horses and cattle
4
Q
Visceral Skeleton
A
- Bones formed in soft organs
2. Ex:) Os rostri, os penis, os cordis
5
Q
Neck
A
Area of a bone that joins the head with the main portion of the bone
6
Q
Lacrimal Bones
A
- Paired external facial bones that form part of the medial portion of the eye orbit
- Contains the lacrimal sacs
7
Q
Dens
A
Process on the cranial end of the axis that fits into the caudal end of the atlas
8
Q
Pelvic Symphysis
A
Cartilaginous joint that unites the 2 halves of the pelvis ventrally
9
Q
Extension
A
Join movement that increases the angle between 2 bones
10
Q
Lacrimal Sac
A
Small sac that receives tears from the lacrimal puncta and sends them down into the nasolacrimal duct
11
Q
Os penis
A
Visceral bone in the penis of dogs that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra
12
Q
Intercostal Space
A
The space between 2 ribs
13
Q
Transverse Process
A
A lateral-projecting process of a vertebra
14
Q
Synovial Joint
A
- “Diarthrosis”
2. A freely moveable joint
15
Q
Hock
A
- “Ankle joint”
- Joint between the tibia/fibula & tarsals
- Joint between the tibiotarsus & tarsometatarsus in birds
16
Q
Sphenoidal Sinus
A
Paranasal sinus in the sphenoid bone
17
Q
Hyoid Bone
A
- “Hyoid apparatus”
- Bone in the neck region that aids in swallowing and supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, & the larynx
- Composed of several portions & attached to the temporal bones by 2 small rods of cartilage
18
Q
Tendons
A
Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscle to bones
19
Q
Obturator Foramina
A
Pair of large pelvic holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that functions of lighten the pelvis.
20
Q
Digit
A
- “Toe”
2. Made up of 2-3 phalanges
21
Q
Xyphoid
A
- “Xyphoid process”
2. The last, most caudal sternebra
22
Q
Palatine Bones
A
Paired internal facial bones that form the caudal portion of the hard palate
23
Q
Frontal Sinus
A
Large paranasal sinus in the frontal bones
24
Q
Antebrachium
A
- “Forearm” of the thoracic limb
2. Contains radius & ulna
25
Foramen Magnum
Large hold in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the skull
26
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell production
27
Diaphysis
Shaft portion of a long bone
28
Interparietal Bones
1. Paired external cranial bones located on the dorsal midline, rostral to the occipital bone
2. Distinct in young animals, but may fuse into one bone or fuse into the parietal bones in adults
29
Fossa
A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone that is usually occupied by a muscle or tendon
30
Zygomatic Bones
Paired external facial bones that form of portion of the eye orbit and the rostral part of the zygomatic arch
31
Temporal Bones
Paired external cranial bones that form the lateral walls of the cranium, contains the middle & inner ear structures, and forms part of the temporomandibular joint
32
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bones to each other in synovial joint
33
Shaft of the Mandible
Horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all the lower teeth
34
Collateral
Meaning located on both sides
35
Spheroidal Joint
A ball-and-socket joint
36
Occipital Bone
External cranial bone that is the most caudal skull bone, contains the foramen magnum, and forms with atlantooccipital joint with the atlas
37
Joint Cavity
1. “Joint space”
| 2. Potential space between the joint surfaces in a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid
38
Nasal Bones
Paired external facial bones that form the dorsal part of the nasal cavity
39
Sacrum
Solid structure formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae
40
Cancellous Bone
1. “Spongy bone”
2. Internal parts of bones that is composed of tiny spicules of bone; bone marrow is present in the holes between spicules
3. Provides structural support for bones while keeping them lightweight
4. Found in the epiphyses of long bones and the interiors of short, flat, & irregular bones
41
Ramus of the Mandible
Vertical portion of the caudal mandible where the jaw muscles attach
42
Distal Phalanx Bone
1. “Tip of the toe”
| 2. Most distal phalanx of a digit
43
Ungual Process
Process on the distal end of the distal phalanx that is surrounded by the claw in dogs and cats
44
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of a joint characterized by progressive deterioration of articular cartilage
45
Metacarpal Bones
Thoracic limb bones located between the carpals and phalanges
46
Spinous Process
The single, dorsally-projecting process of a vertebra
47
Foramen
Hole in a bone through which nerves, cords, vessels, etc. pass through
48
Sacroiliac Joint
Joint between the sacrum & pelvis that joins the pelvic limb to the axial skeleton
49
Atlas
The 1st cervical vertebra that forms the atlantooccipital joint with the occipital bone & the atlantoaxial joint with the axis
50
Coccyx
Human “tailbone” that is 4-5 coccygeal vertebra fused into one structure
51
Joint
The junction between 2 bones
52
Ilium
Most cranial pelvic bone that forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum
53
Lacunae
Small cavities in the matrix of some connective tissues (like bone & cartilage) that house cells (like osteocytes & chondrocytes)
54
Facet
A flat articular surface
55
Os Cordis
Visceral bone in the heart of cattle that helps support the heart valves
56
Adduction
Joint movement toward the median plane
57
Pelvis
1. “Os coxae”
| 2. 3 fused bones that form the sacroiliac joint and hip joints
58
Articular Process
The process of a vertebra that forms a synovial joint with an adjacent vertebra
59
Manubrium
1. “Manubrium sterni”
| 2. The 1st, most cranial sternebra
60
Intervertebral Disc
Cartilaginous disc located between vertebrae that acts as a shock absorber
61
Stifle
1. “Knee joint”
| 2. Joint between femur and tibia/fibula
62
Cranium
Cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity that is formed by several skull bones & that houses and protects the brain
63
Os Rostri
Visceral bone in swine snouts that strengthens it for rooting behaviors
64
Cannon Bones
Large metacarpal & metatarsal bones of the horse
65
Phalangeal Bones
Bones that compose the digits
66
Costal Cartilage
The cartilaginous, ventral portion of a rib
67
Pubis
Smallest and most-medial pelvic bone that forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor
68
Mandibular Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that unites the paired mandibular bones in cats, dogs, and cattle
69
Acetabulum
Socket portion of the hip joint that forms at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
70
Sutures
1. “Synarthrosis”
| 2. Immovable, fibrous joints that unite most of the skull bones
71
Maxillary Bones
Paired external facial bones that make up the upper jaw and houses the upper canine teeth, premolars, & molars
72
Mandible
1. “Lower jaw”
2. External facial bone that houses all the lower teeth and is the only moveable skull bone
3. Is one bone in most species, but is 2 bones joined by the mandibular symphysis in dogs, cats, & cattle
73
Long Bone
Bones that are longer than they are wide and are usually found in the limbs
74
Articular Surface
The smooth joint surface of a bone that comes in contact with another bone in a synovial joint
75
Fibrous Joint
1. “Synarthrosis”
| 2. Immovable joint
76
Zygomatic Arches
Bony arches below and behind the eyes that forms the widest part of the skull in dogs and cats and is formed by the rostral-facing zygomatic processes of the temporal bones and the caudal-facing temporal processes of the zygomatic bones
77
Splint Bones
1. Paired vestigial metacarpals & metatarsals located on either side of the cannon bone in horse legs
2. Metacarpals 2 & 4 and Metatarsals 2 & 4
78
Asternal Rib
A rib whose costal cartilage joins to the costal cartilage of the rib ahead of it instead of joining directly to the sternum
79
Brachium
1. “Upper arm” of the thoracic limb
| 2. Contains the humerus
80
Dewclaw
The 1st digit of dogs & cats and the medial & lateral digits of cattle that don’t reach the ground
81
Vertebral column
1. “Spinal column”
| 2. Collective name for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal vertebrae
82
Tibia
Main weight-bearing bone of the lower-leg of the pelvic limb that forms the stifle joint with the femur and the hock joint with the tarsals
83
Irregular Bone
A bone that has characteristics of more then one of the 3 bone categories (long, short, flat) or has a truly irregular shape
84
Short Bone
Small, cuboidal bones
85
Hematopoietic Tissue
Tissue that produces blood cells
86
Palpate
To examine body parts through touch
87
Tarsal Bones
2 rows of short bones located between the tibia/fibula and the metatarsals of the pelvic limb
88
Sternal Rib
A rib whose costal cartilage joins directly to the sternum
89
Thoracic Vertebrae
Group of vertebrae located dorsal to the thorax
90
Temporomandibular Joint
Hinge joint on either side of the skull that connects the mandible to the temporal bones of the skull
91
Radius
The main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium of the thoracic limb
92
Incisive Bones
Paired external facial bones that house the upper incisor teeth (except in ruminants, which don’t have incisors) and are the most rostral skull bones
93
Maxillary Sinus
Paranasal sinus in the maxillary bones
94
Vertebra
One of the bones of the spinal column
95
Abduction
Joint movement away from the median plane
96
Axis
The 2nd cervical vertebra that forms the atlantoaxial joint with the atlas
97
Osteoblasts
Cells that produce bone
98
Nasal Septum
The midline barrier that separates the left and right nasal passages
99
Sternebra
A bone of the sternum
100
Compact Bone
Heavy, dense bone made up of tiny, tightly compacted, laminated cylinders of bone (Haversian systems) that make up the diaphyses of long bones and the outer surfaces of all bones
101
Epiphysis
Ends of a long bone
102
Bone Marrow
Soft material that fills the spaces inside bone and can be either the red or yellow type
103
Floating Rib
The most caudal 1-2 ribs whose costal cartilage doesn’t unite with anything and ends in the muscle of the thoracic wall
104
Cribriform Plate
Sieve-like area of the ethmoid bones through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain
105
Ischium
Most caudal pelvic bone
106
Frontal Bones
1. Paired external cranial bones that form the “forehead”
| 2. Contain the large frontal sinuses
107
Occipital Condyle
One of 2 articular surfaces on the occipital bones, located on either side of the Foramen magnum, that forms the atlantooccipital joint with the atlas
108
Ossification
The mineralization and hardening of bone
109
Synovial fluid
Viscous fluid formed by the lining layer of the joint capsule of a synovial joint that lubricates the joint surfaces
110
Toe
Most cranial region of the hoof
111
Internal Facial Bones
- 2 Palatine bones
- 2 Pterygoid bones
- 4 Turbinates
- 1 Vomer bone
112
Ethmoid Sinus
Paranasal sinus in the ethmoid bone of horses and humans
113
Cattle Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 13
L- 6
S- 5
Cg- 18-20
```
114
Sternum
1. “Breastbone”
| 2. Rod-like bones (the sternebra) that form the floor of the thorax
115
5 Functions of Bones
1. Provides structural support
2. Protects organs and tissues
3. Provides leverage for skeletal muscle
4. Hematopoiesis in bone marrow
5. Provide mineral storage (esp. calcium)
116
Pastern
Area of the proximal phalanx of ungulates
117
Ossicles
3 bones of the ear (malleus, stapes, incus) that transmit sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
118
Synarthrosis
Immovable fibrous joint
119
Incus
1. “Anvil” of the ear
| 2. The middle ossicle
120
Osteoclasts
Large multinucleated bone cells that absorb bone, reshape, and remodel damaged bones
121
Ethmoid Bone
Internal cranial bone located rostral to the sphenoid bone and contains the cribriform plate
122
Pivot Joint
1. “Trochoid” joint
2. Joint that only allows a rotary motion
3. The only true pivot joint is the atlantoaxial joint
123
Head
Spheroidal articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone
124
Paranasal Sinus
Space within a skull bone that is an outpouching of the nasal cavity
125
Canine Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 3
Cg- 20-23
```
126
Synovial Membrane
Membrane that lines joint capsules and is composed of connective tissue and produces synovial fluid
127
Pterygoid Bones
Paired internal facial bones that support the lateral walls of the pharynx/throat
128
Bone Cortex
Outer layer of a bone composed of compact bone
129
Meniscus
One of the concave, half-moon shaped cartilaginous structures on the proximal surface of the tibia that helps support the femoral condyles
130
Sesamoid Bones
Bones present in some tendons where they change direction markedly over joints and allow muscles to move joints without wearing out tendons as the move over the joints
131
Anconeal Process
A beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch of the ulna
132
Tibial Crest
Longitudinal ridge on the front of the proximal end of the tibia
133
Sheep Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 13
L- 6-7
S- 4
Cg- 16-18
```
134
Nutrient Foramen
Large channel through the cortex of a large bone through which large blood vessels pass, carrying blood to and from the bone marrow
135
Pig Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 14-15
L- 6-7
S- 4
Cg- 20-23
```
136
Amphiarthrosis
A slightly moveable cartilaginous joint
137
Gliding Joint
1. “Arthroidal” joint
| 2. Joint where 2 flat articular surfaces rock on each other
138
Rotation
Joint movement of a twisting motion of a part on its own axis
139
Horse Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 18
L- 6
S- 5
Cg- 15-21
```
140
Glenoid Cavity
Concave articular surface of the scapula that is the socket portion of the shoulder joint
141
External Facial Bones
- 1-2 Mandibles
- 2 Zygomatic bones
- 2 Lacrimal bones
- 2 Maxillary bones
- 2 Nasal bones
- 2 Incisive bones
142
Coffin Bone
Distal phalanx of the horse
143
Sphenoid Bone
Internal cranial bone that forms the floor of the cranium and contains the pituitary fossa
144
Hard Palate
Bony roof of the mouth that divides the mouth and the nasal cavity and is made up of the maxillary and palatine bones
145
Calciotropic
Meaning involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the body
146
Patellar Ligament
The quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella that helps provide stability to the stifle joint
147
Ginglymus Joint
Hinge joint in which one articular surface swivels around another and is only capable of flexion and extension
148
Vomer Bone
Internal facial bone that forms part of the nasal septum
149
Cartilaginous Joint
1. “Amphiarthrosis”
| 2. Joint in which the bones are united by cartilage and is only capable of a slight rocking motion
150
Process
General name for lumps, bumps, and projections on a bone that can be articular or non-articular
151
Feline Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 3
Cg- 5-23
```
152
Flat Bone
Thin and flat bones made of 2 thin plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone
153
Internal Ear Bones
- Incus
- Malleus
- Stapes
154
Goat Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 5
Cg- 16-18
```
155
Malleus
1. “Hammer” of the ear
| 2. Outermost ossicle that’s attached to the tympanic membrane
156
Condyle
Large rounded articular surface
157
Diarthrosis
A freely moveable synovial joint
158
Internal Cranial Bones
- 1 Ethmoid bone
| - 1 Sphenoid bone
159
Pituitary Fossa
Depression in the dorsal surface of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland
160
Olecranon Process
Large process on the proximal end of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow and where the triceps brachii muscle tendon attaches
161
External Cranial Bones
- 1 Occipital bone
- 2 Interparietal bones
- 2 Parietal bones
- 2 Temporal bones
- 2 Frontal bones
162
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane that lines the hollow interiors of bones
163
External Acoustic Meatus
Bony canal (external ear canal) in the temporal bone that leads to the middle and inner ear cavities
164
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell located in lacunae
165
Human Vertebral Numbers
```
C- 7
T- 12
L- 5
S- 5
Cg- 4-5
```
166
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane that covers the outer, non-articular surfaces of bones
167
Hinge Joint
1. “Ginglymus joint”
| 2. Joint where one surface swivels around another like a door hinge and is only capable of flexion and extension
168
Arthrodial Joint
A gliding joint in which 2 flat articular surfaces rock on each other and are usually only capable of flexion and extension
169
Stapes
1. “Stirrup”
| 2. Innermost ossicle that is attached to the membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea
170
Articular Cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that cover the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints and decreased friction between bones and allows free joint movement
171
Fibula
1. One of two bones in the foreleg of pelvic limbs that doesn’t bear much weight and is primarily a muscle attachment site
2. This is a complete bone in cats and dogs, but only contains the distal and proximal ends in horses and cattle
172
Fetlock Joint
Joint between the large metacarpal/metatarsal bone and the proximal phalanx in horses
173
Trochoid Joint
1. “Pivot joint”
2. Joint in which one bone pivots on another in a rotary motion
3. The only true trochoid joint is the atlantoaxial joint
174
Tympanic Membrane
1. “Eardrum”
| 2. Paper-thin connective tissue membrane that’s tightly stretched over the opening of the external ear canal
175
Proximal Sesamoid Bones
Paired Sesamoid bones in the digital flexor tendons located behind the fetlock joint in horses
176
Calcaneal Tuberosity
Large process of the fibular tarsal bone that forms the hock and is where the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle attaches
177
Patella
1. “Kneecap”
2. The largest Sesamoid bone in the body
3. Located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris on the front surface of the stifle joint, and rides in the trochlea of the femur
178
Fabella
One of 2 small Sesamoid bones in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendon above and behind the femoral condyles of cats and dogs
179
Joint Capsule
Membrane that encloses the ends of bones in a synovial joint that is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inter synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
180
Epiphyseal Plate
1. “Growth plate” in young animals
2. Located at the junctions between the epiphyses and the diaphysis in long bones where endochondral bone formation occurs
3. It ossifies when the bones is finished growing
181
Canaliculi
Tiny channels through the matrix of bone through which osteocytes communicate with each other and blood vessels
182
Primary Growth Center
Main growth area in bones during endochondral growth located in the main portions of cartilage rod bone templates in the fetus
183
Volkman’s Canal
Tiny channels in the matrix of bone that bring blood from the periosteum to the haversian canals at right angles
184
Parathyroid Hormone
Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that prevents blood calcium levels from getting too low
185
Red Bone Marrow
Hematopoietic bone marrow that is primarily present in young animals
186
Yellow Bone Marrow
1. Bone marrow composed of mostly adipose tissue and is the most common bone marrow in adults
2. Can revert to red bone marrow when needed in adults
187
Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that prevents blood calcium levels from getting too high
188
Turbinates
1. “Nasal conchae”
2. Four scroll-like internal facial bones that fill most of the nasal cavity and functions to warm and humidify inhaled air
3. They are covered by a moist vascular lining and also help to trap tiny particles of foreign material
189
Intramembranous Bone Formation
1. Bone formation in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus
2. Only occurs in certain skull bones
190
Endochondral Bone Formation
When bones grow into and replace and cartilage blueprint
191
Cochlea
Snail shell-shaped cavity in the temporal bone that contains the hearing portion of the inner ear
192
Distal Sesamoid Bone
1. “Navicular bone”
2. Located in the digital flexor tendon deep in the hood behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges of horses
193
Navicular bone
Distal Sesamoid bone in horses
194
How do bones control calcium levels?
1. Hypercalcemia — calcitonin and osteoblasts lower blood calcium levels
2. Hypocalcemia — parathyroid hormone and osteoclasts raise blood calcium levels
195
Secondary Growth Center
Growth areas in bones during endochondral bone growth that are located outside the main portions of cartilage rod bone templates in the fetus
196
Haversian Canal
Central canal that runs the length of a Haversian system and contains the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply and nourish the osteocytes
197
Haversian System
1. Laminated cylinders of bone that make up compact bone and consist of a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone
2. Osteocytes in lacunae are present at the junctions of the bony layers
198
Tarsus
1. “Hock”
| 2. Joint composed of tarsal bones
199
Carpus
1. The “knee” in ungulates
| 2. Joint composed of carpal bones
200
Knee
The carpus of ungulates
