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A&P 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Flexion

A

Joint movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones

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2
Q

Ulna

A

One of the two bones of the antebrachium that forms the major portion of the elbow

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3
Q

Parietal Bones

A
  1. Paired external cranial bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium
  2. These are large in cats & dogs, but small in horses and cattle
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4
Q

Visceral Skeleton

A
  1. Bones formed in soft organs

2. Ex:) Os rostri, os penis, os cordis

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5
Q

Neck

A

Area of a bone that joins the head with the main portion of the bone

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6
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A
  1. Paired external facial bones that form part of the medial portion of the eye orbit
  2. Contains the lacrimal sacs
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7
Q

Dens

A

Process on the cranial end of the axis that fits into the caudal end of the atlas

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8
Q

Pelvic Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint that unites the 2 halves of the pelvis ventrally

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9
Q

Extension

A

Join movement that increases the angle between 2 bones

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10
Q

Lacrimal Sac

A

Small sac that receives tears from the lacrimal puncta and sends them down into the nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

Os penis

A

Visceral bone in the penis of dogs that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra

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12
Q

Intercostal Space

A

The space between 2 ribs

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13
Q

Transverse Process

A

A lateral-projecting process of a vertebra

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14
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  1. “Diarthrosis”

2. A freely moveable joint

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15
Q

Hock

A
  1. “Ankle joint”
  2. Joint between the tibia/fibula & tarsals
  3. Joint between the tibiotarsus & tarsometatarsus in birds
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16
Q

Sphenoidal Sinus

A

Paranasal sinus in the sphenoid bone

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17
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  1. “Hyoid apparatus”
  2. Bone in the neck region that aids in swallowing and supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, & the larynx
  3. Composed of several portions & attached to the temporal bones by 2 small rods of cartilage
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18
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscle to bones

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19
Q

Obturator Foramina

A

Pair of large pelvic holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that functions of lighten the pelvis.

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20
Q

Digit

A
  1. “Toe”

2. Made up of 2-3 phalanges

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21
Q

Xyphoid

A
  1. “Xyphoid process”

2. The last, most caudal sternebra

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22
Q

Palatine Bones

A

Paired internal facial bones that form the caudal portion of the hard palate

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23
Q

Frontal Sinus

A

Large paranasal sinus in the frontal bones

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24
Q

Antebrachium

A
  1. “Forearm” of the thoracic limb

2. Contains radius & ulna

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25
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Large hold in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the skull

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26
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell production

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27
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft portion of a long bone

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28
Q

Interparietal Bones

A
  1. Paired external cranial bones located on the dorsal midline, rostral to the occipital bone
  2. Distinct in young animals, but may fuse into one bone or fuse into the parietal bones in adults
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29
Q

Fossa

A

A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone that is usually occupied by a muscle or tendon

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30
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Paired external facial bones that form of portion of the eye orbit and the rostral part of the zygomatic arch

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31
Q

Temporal Bones

A

Paired external cranial bones that form the lateral walls of the cranium, contains the middle & inner ear structures, and forms part of the temporomandibular joint

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32
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bones to each other in synovial joint

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33
Q

Shaft of the Mandible

A

Horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all the lower teeth

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34
Q

Collateral

A

Meaning located on both sides

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35
Q

Spheroidal Joint

A

A ball-and-socket joint

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36
Q

Occipital Bone

A

External cranial bone that is the most caudal skull bone, contains the foramen magnum, and forms with atlantooccipital joint with the atlas

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37
Q

Joint Cavity

A
  1. “Joint space”

2. Potential space between the joint surfaces in a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid

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38
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Paired external facial bones that form the dorsal part of the nasal cavity

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39
Q

Sacrum

A

Solid structure formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae

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40
Q

Cancellous Bone

A
  1. “Spongy bone”
  2. Internal parts of bones that is composed of tiny spicules of bone; bone marrow is present in the holes between spicules
  3. Provides structural support for bones while keeping them lightweight
  4. Found in the epiphyses of long bones and the interiors of short, flat, & irregular bones
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41
Q

Ramus of the Mandible

A

Vertical portion of the caudal mandible where the jaw muscles attach

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42
Q

Distal Phalanx Bone

A
  1. “Tip of the toe”

2. Most distal phalanx of a digit

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43
Q

Ungual Process

A

Process on the distal end of the distal phalanx that is surrounded by the claw in dogs and cats

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44
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint characterized by progressive deterioration of articular cartilage

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45
Q

Metacarpal Bones

A

Thoracic limb bones located between the carpals and phalanges

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46
Q

Spinous Process

A

The single, dorsally-projecting process of a vertebra

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47
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in a bone through which nerves, cords, vessels, etc. pass through

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48
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Joint between the sacrum & pelvis that joins the pelvic limb to the axial skeleton

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49
Q

Atlas

A

The 1st cervical vertebra that forms the atlantooccipital joint with the occipital bone & the atlantoaxial joint with the axis

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50
Q

Coccyx

A

Human “tailbone” that is 4-5 coccygeal vertebra fused into one structure

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51
Q

Joint

A

The junction between 2 bones

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52
Q

Ilium

A

Most cranial pelvic bone that forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum

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53
Q

Lacunae

A

Small cavities in the matrix of some connective tissues (like bone & cartilage) that house cells (like osteocytes & chondrocytes)

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54
Q

Facet

A

A flat articular surface

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55
Q

Os Cordis

A

Visceral bone in the heart of cattle that helps support the heart valves

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56
Q

Adduction

A

Joint movement toward the median plane

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57
Q

Pelvis

A
  1. “Os coxae”

2. 3 fused bones that form the sacroiliac joint and hip joints

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58
Q

Articular Process

A

The process of a vertebra that forms a synovial joint with an adjacent vertebra

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59
Q

Manubrium

A
  1. “Manubrium sterni”

2. The 1st, most cranial sternebra

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60
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

Cartilaginous disc located between vertebrae that acts as a shock absorber

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61
Q

Stifle

A
  1. “Knee joint”

2. Joint between femur and tibia/fibula

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62
Q

Cranium

A

Cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity that is formed by several skull bones & that houses and protects the brain

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63
Q

Os Rostri

A

Visceral bone in swine snouts that strengthens it for rooting behaviors

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64
Q

Cannon Bones

A

Large metacarpal & metatarsal bones of the horse

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65
Q

Phalangeal Bones

A

Bones that compose the digits

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66
Q

Costal Cartilage

A

The cartilaginous, ventral portion of a rib

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67
Q

Pubis

A

Smallest and most-medial pelvic bone that forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor

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68
Q

Mandibular Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint that unites the paired mandibular bones in cats, dogs, and cattle

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69
Q

Acetabulum

A

Socket portion of the hip joint that forms at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

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70
Q

Sutures

A
  1. “Synarthrosis”

2. Immovable, fibrous joints that unite most of the skull bones

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71
Q

Maxillary Bones

A

Paired external facial bones that make up the upper jaw and houses the upper canine teeth, premolars, & molars

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72
Q

Mandible

A
  1. “Lower jaw”
  2. External facial bone that houses all the lower teeth and is the only moveable skull bone
  3. Is one bone in most species, but is 2 bones joined by the mandibular symphysis in dogs, cats, & cattle
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73
Q

Long Bone

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide and are usually found in the limbs

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74
Q

Articular Surface

A

The smooth joint surface of a bone that comes in contact with another bone in a synovial joint

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75
Q

Fibrous Joint

A
  1. “Synarthrosis”

2. Immovable joint

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76
Q

Zygomatic Arches

A

Bony arches below and behind the eyes that forms the widest part of the skull in dogs and cats and is formed by the rostral-facing zygomatic processes of the temporal bones and the caudal-facing temporal processes of the zygomatic bones

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77
Q

Splint Bones

A
  1. Paired vestigial metacarpals & metatarsals located on either side of the cannon bone in horse legs
  2. Metacarpals 2 & 4 and Metatarsals 2 & 4
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78
Q

Asternal Rib

A

A rib whose costal cartilage joins to the costal cartilage of the rib ahead of it instead of joining directly to the sternum

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79
Q

Brachium

A
  1. “Upper arm” of the thoracic limb

2. Contains the humerus

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80
Q

Dewclaw

A

The 1st digit of dogs & cats and the medial & lateral digits of cattle that don’t reach the ground

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81
Q

Vertebral column

A
  1. “Spinal column”

2. Collective name for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal vertebrae

82
Q

Tibia

A

Main weight-bearing bone of the lower-leg of the pelvic limb that forms the stifle joint with the femur and the hock joint with the tarsals

83
Q

Irregular Bone

A

A bone that has characteristics of more then one of the 3 bone categories (long, short, flat) or has a truly irregular shape

84
Q

Short Bone

A

Small, cuboidal bones

85
Q

Hematopoietic Tissue

A

Tissue that produces blood cells

86
Q

Palpate

A

To examine body parts through touch

87
Q

Tarsal Bones

A

2 rows of short bones located between the tibia/fibula and the metatarsals of the pelvic limb

88
Q

Sternal Rib

A

A rib whose costal cartilage joins directly to the sternum

89
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Group of vertebrae located dorsal to the thorax

90
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Hinge joint on either side of the skull that connects the mandible to the temporal bones of the skull

91
Q

Radius

A

The main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium of the thoracic limb

92
Q

Incisive Bones

A

Paired external facial bones that house the upper incisor teeth (except in ruminants, which don’t have incisors) and are the most rostral skull bones

93
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

Paranasal sinus in the maxillary bones

94
Q

Vertebra

A

One of the bones of the spinal column

95
Q

Abduction

A

Joint movement away from the median plane

96
Q

Axis

A

The 2nd cervical vertebra that forms the atlantoaxial joint with the atlas

97
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that produce bone

98
Q

Nasal Septum

A

The midline barrier that separates the left and right nasal passages

99
Q

Sternebra

A

A bone of the sternum

100
Q

Compact Bone

A

Heavy, dense bone made up of tiny, tightly compacted, laminated cylinders of bone (Haversian systems) that make up the diaphyses of long bones and the outer surfaces of all bones

101
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of a long bone

102
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Soft material that fills the spaces inside bone and can be either the red or yellow type

103
Q

Floating Rib

A

The most caudal 1-2 ribs whose costal cartilage doesn’t unite with anything and ends in the muscle of the thoracic wall

104
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

Sieve-like area of the ethmoid bones through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

105
Q

Ischium

A

Most caudal pelvic bone

106
Q

Frontal Bones

A
  1. Paired external cranial bones that form the “forehead”

2. Contain the large frontal sinuses

107
Q

Occipital Condyle

A

One of 2 articular surfaces on the occipital bones, located on either side of the Foramen magnum, that forms the atlantooccipital joint with the atlas

108
Q

Ossification

A

The mineralization and hardening of bone

109
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous fluid formed by the lining layer of the joint capsule of a synovial joint that lubricates the joint surfaces

110
Q

Toe

A

Most cranial region of the hoof

111
Q

Internal Facial Bones

A
  • 2 Palatine bones
  • 2 Pterygoid bones
  • 4 Turbinates
  • 1 Vomer bone
112
Q

Ethmoid Sinus

A

Paranasal sinus in the ethmoid bone of horses and humans

113
Q

Cattle Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 13
L- 6
S- 5
Cg- 18-20
114
Q

Sternum

A
  1. “Breastbone”

2. Rod-like bones (the sternebra) that form the floor of the thorax

115
Q

5 Functions of Bones

A
  1. Provides structural support
  2. Protects organs and tissues
  3. Provides leverage for skeletal muscle
  4. Hematopoiesis in bone marrow
  5. Provide mineral storage (esp. calcium)
116
Q

Pastern

A

Area of the proximal phalanx of ungulates

117
Q

Ossicles

A

3 bones of the ear (malleus, stapes, incus) that transmit sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

118
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable fibrous joint

119
Q

Incus

A
  1. “Anvil” of the ear

2. The middle ossicle

120
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large multinucleated bone cells that absorb bone, reshape, and remodel damaged bones

121
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Internal cranial bone located rostral to the sphenoid bone and contains the cribriform plate

122
Q

Pivot Joint

A
  1. “Trochoid” joint
  2. Joint that only allows a rotary motion
  3. The only true pivot joint is the atlantoaxial joint
123
Q

Head

A

Spheroidal articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone

124
Q

Paranasal Sinus

A

Space within a skull bone that is an outpouching of the nasal cavity

125
Q

Canine Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 3
Cg- 20-23
126
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Membrane that lines joint capsules and is composed of connective tissue and produces synovial fluid

127
Q

Pterygoid Bones

A

Paired internal facial bones that support the lateral walls of the pharynx/throat

128
Q

Bone Cortex

A

Outer layer of a bone composed of compact bone

129
Q

Meniscus

A

One of the concave, half-moon shaped cartilaginous structures on the proximal surface of the tibia that helps support the femoral condyles

130
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Bones present in some tendons where they change direction markedly over joints and allow muscles to move joints without wearing out tendons as the move over the joints

131
Q

Anconeal Process

A

A beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch of the ulna

132
Q

Tibial Crest

A

Longitudinal ridge on the front of the proximal end of the tibia

133
Q

Sheep Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 13
L- 6-7
S- 4
Cg- 16-18
134
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Large channel through the cortex of a large bone through which large blood vessels pass, carrying blood to and from the bone marrow

135
Q

Pig Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 14-15
L- 6-7
S- 4
Cg- 20-23
136
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

A slightly moveable cartilaginous joint

137
Q

Gliding Joint

A
  1. “Arthroidal” joint

2. Joint where 2 flat articular surfaces rock on each other

138
Q

Rotation

A

Joint movement of a twisting motion of a part on its own axis

139
Q

Horse Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 18
L- 6
S- 5
Cg- 15-21
140
Q

Glenoid Cavity

A

Concave articular surface of the scapula that is the socket portion of the shoulder joint

141
Q

External Facial Bones

A
  • 1-2 Mandibles
  • 2 Zygomatic bones
  • 2 Lacrimal bones
  • 2 Maxillary bones
  • 2 Nasal bones
  • 2 Incisive bones
142
Q

Coffin Bone

A

Distal phalanx of the horse

143
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Internal cranial bone that forms the floor of the cranium and contains the pituitary fossa

144
Q

Hard Palate

A

Bony roof of the mouth that divides the mouth and the nasal cavity and is made up of the maxillary and palatine bones

145
Q

Calciotropic

A

Meaning involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the body

146
Q

Patellar Ligament

A

The quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella that helps provide stability to the stifle joint

147
Q

Ginglymus Joint

A

Hinge joint in which one articular surface swivels around another and is only capable of flexion and extension

148
Q

Vomer Bone

A

Internal facial bone that forms part of the nasal septum

149
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A
  1. “Amphiarthrosis”

2. Joint in which the bones are united by cartilage and is only capable of a slight rocking motion

150
Q

Process

A

General name for lumps, bumps, and projections on a bone that can be articular or non-articular

151
Q

Feline Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 3
Cg- 5-23
152
Q

Flat Bone

A

Thin and flat bones made of 2 thin plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone

153
Q

Internal Ear Bones

A
  • Incus
  • Malleus
  • Stapes
154
Q

Goat Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 13
L- 7
S- 5
Cg- 16-18
155
Q

Malleus

A
  1. “Hammer” of the ear

2. Outermost ossicle that’s attached to the tympanic membrane

156
Q

Condyle

A

Large rounded articular surface

157
Q

Diarthrosis

A

A freely moveable synovial joint

158
Q

Internal Cranial Bones

A
  • 1 Ethmoid bone

- 1 Sphenoid bone

159
Q

Pituitary Fossa

A

Depression in the dorsal surface of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland

160
Q

Olecranon Process

A

Large process on the proximal end of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow and where the triceps brachii muscle tendon attaches

161
Q

External Cranial Bones

A
  • 1 Occipital bone
  • 2 Interparietal bones
  • 2 Parietal bones
  • 2 Temporal bones
  • 2 Frontal bones
162
Q

Endosteum

A

Fibrous membrane that lines the hollow interiors of bones

163
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

Bony canal (external ear canal) in the temporal bone that leads to the middle and inner ear cavities

164
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell located in lacunae

165
Q

Human Vertebral Numbers

A 
C- 7
T- 12
L- 5
S- 5
Cg- 4-5
166
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous membrane that covers the outer, non-articular surfaces of bones

167
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  1. “Ginglymus joint”

2. Joint where one surface swivels around another like a door hinge and is only capable of flexion and extension

168
Q

Arthrodial Joint

A

A gliding joint in which 2 flat articular surfaces rock on each other and are usually only capable of flexion and extension

169
Q

Stapes

A
  1. “Stirrup”

2. Innermost ossicle that is attached to the membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea

170
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that cover the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints and decreased friction between bones and allows free joint movement

171
Q

Fibula

A
  1. One of two bones in the foreleg of pelvic limbs that doesn’t bear much weight and is primarily a muscle attachment site
  2. This is a complete bone in cats and dogs, but only contains the distal and proximal ends in horses and cattle
172
Q

Fetlock Joint

A

Joint between the large metacarpal/metatarsal bone and the proximal phalanx in horses

173
Q

Trochoid Joint

A
  1. “Pivot joint”
  2. Joint in which one bone pivots on another in a rotary motion
  3. The only true trochoid joint is the atlantoaxial joint
174
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A
  1. “Eardrum”

2. Paper-thin connective tissue membrane that’s tightly stretched over the opening of the external ear canal

175
Q

Proximal Sesamoid Bones

A

Paired Sesamoid bones in the digital flexor tendons located behind the fetlock joint in horses

176
Q

Calcaneal Tuberosity

A

Large process of the fibular tarsal bone that forms the hock and is where the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle attaches

177
Q

Patella

A
  1. “Kneecap”
  2. The largest Sesamoid bone in the body
  3. Located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris on the front surface of the stifle joint, and rides in the trochlea of the femur
178
Q

Fabella

A

One of 2 small Sesamoid bones in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendon above and behind the femoral condyles of cats and dogs

179
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Membrane that encloses the ends of bones in a synovial joint that is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inter synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

180
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A
  1. “Growth plate” in young animals
  2. Located at the junctions between the epiphyses and the diaphysis in long bones where endochondral bone formation occurs
  3. It ossifies when the bones is finished growing
181
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny channels through the matrix of bone through which osteocytes communicate with each other and blood vessels

182
Q

Primary Growth Center

A

Main growth area in bones during endochondral growth located in the main portions of cartilage rod bone templates in the fetus

183
Q

Volkman’s Canal

A

Tiny channels in the matrix of bone that bring blood from the periosteum to the haversian canals at right angles

184
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that prevents blood calcium levels from getting too low

185
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Hematopoietic bone marrow that is primarily present in young animals

186
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A
  1. Bone marrow composed of mostly adipose tissue and is the most common bone marrow in adults
  2. Can revert to red bone marrow when needed in adults
187
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that prevents blood calcium levels from getting too high

188
Q

Turbinates

A
  1. “Nasal conchae”
  2. Four scroll-like internal facial bones that fill most of the nasal cavity and functions to warm and humidify inhaled air
  3. They are covered by a moist vascular lining and also help to trap tiny particles of foreign material
189
Q

Intramembranous Bone Formation

A
  1. Bone formation in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus
  2. Only occurs in certain skull bones
190
Q

Endochondral Bone Formation

A

When bones grow into and replace and cartilage blueprint

191
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shell-shaped cavity in the temporal bone that contains the hearing portion of the inner ear

192
Q

Distal Sesamoid Bone

A
  1. “Navicular bone”
  2. Located in the digital flexor tendon deep in the hood behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges of horses
193
Q

Navicular bone

A

Distal Sesamoid bone in horses

194
Q

How do bones control calcium levels?

A
  1. Hypercalcemia — calcitonin and osteoblasts lower blood calcium levels
  2. Hypocalcemia — parathyroid hormone and osteoclasts raise blood calcium levels
195
Q

Secondary Growth Center

A

Growth areas in bones during endochondral bone growth that are located outside the main portions of cartilage rod bone templates in the fetus

196
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Central canal that runs the length of a Haversian system and contains the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply and nourish the osteocytes

197
Q

Haversian System

A
  1. Laminated cylinders of bone that make up compact bone and consist of a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone
  2. Osteocytes in lacunae are present at the junctions of the bony layers
198
Q

Tarsus

A
  1. “Hock”

2. Joint composed of tarsal bones

199
Q

Carpus

A
  1. The “knee” in ungulates

2. Joint composed of carpal bones

200
Q

Knee

A

The carpus of ungulates

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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