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A&P 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  1. Neurotransmitter used in the preganglion neuron in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
  2. Associated with somatic nerves and parasympathetic nervous system effects
  3. Has a stimulatory effect in GI tract, increases secretions and muscle contractions in the esophagus, stomach, ruminant forestomachs, intenstine, and colon
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2
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

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3
Q

Adrenergic Neurons

A

Neurons that secrete catecholamines (i.e. norepi) as their neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Afferent

A

Directional terms meaning toward some reference point

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5
Q

Afferent Nerve

A

Nerve that carries impulses toward the CNS

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6
Q

All-or-Nothing Principle

A

Principle that an individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or not at all

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7
Q

Alpha 1-adrenergic Receptors

A

Receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system response that cause vasoconstriction when stimulated by catecholamines

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8
Q

Anesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensation

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9
Q

Antiparasitic drug

A

Drug that kills parasites

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10
Q

Arachnoid

A

Delicate, weblike layer of the meninges between the dura mater and pia mater

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or endocrine glands automatically without conscious control.
  2. Has both motor and sensory branches
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12
Q

Beta 1-Adrenergic Receptors

A

Receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system that cause an increase in rate and force of contraction of the heart when stimulated by catecholamines

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13
Q

Beta 2-Adrenergic Receptors

A

Receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system that cause dilation of bronchioles and vasodilation of some blood vessels when stimulated by catecholamines

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14
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A
  1. Functional barrier between the capillaries in the brain and the nervous tissue
  2. Composed of glial cells and unfenestrated capillaries
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15
Q

Brainstem

A
  1. Connection between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain
  2. Composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and midbrain
  3. Involves in autonomic control of heart, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, and vomiting
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16
Q

Catecholamines

A

Group of neurotransmitters that include norepi, epi, dopamine, etc.

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17
Q

Central Canal

A

Small diameter canal in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles of the brain and that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A
  1. Second largest component of the brain

2. Allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes

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19
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Gray matter that makes up the outer layer of the cerebrum

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20
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Two halves of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid that bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord from the hard inner surface of the skull and spinal vertebrae

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22
Q

Cerebrum

A
  1. Portion of the brain responsible for ‘higher order’ behaviors (i.e. learning, awareness, etc.)
  2. Receives and interprets sensory info, initiates conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, and integrates neuron activity that is associated with communication, expression of emotion, learning, memory, recall, etc.
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23
Q

Cholinergic Neurons

A

Neurons that secrete acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Cholinergic receptor

A
  1. Receptors for acetylcholine

2. Muscarinic or Nicotinic receptors

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25
Q

Conduction of the Action Potential

A

Another name for nerve impulse

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26
Q

Contralateral Reflex

A

Reflexes that are initiated on one side of the body and travel to the opposite side to produce their effect

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27
Q

Contrast Radiography

A

Rads taken after a contrast medium has been introduced to the body to make organs/structures more visible on the image

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28
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

White fibers that connects and provide communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  1. 12 pairs of nerves originating directly from the brain

2. May be sensory, motor, or mixed

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30
Q

Cranial-Sacral System

A

‘Parasympathetic Nervous System’

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31
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

Reflex initiated by a stimulation of a limb that results in extension of the limb on the other side of the body

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32
Q

Depolarization

A
  1. Reduction in the voltage across a neuron or muscle cell membrane from its normal polarized state (resting membrane potential)
  2. Results in an action potential (nerve impulse) in a neuron or a contraction initiative in a muscle cell
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33
Q

Diencephalon

A
  1. Nervous system passageway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum
  2. Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary
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34
Q

Dopamine

A

A catecholamine neurotransmitter

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35
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Area of the spinal cord’s gray matter “butterfly” where the neurons that send afferent nerve impulses to the brain or spinal cord are located

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36
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

Branch off each side of the spinal cord between each set of adjacent vertebrae that conducts sensory impulses into the spinal cord from the periphery of the body

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37
Q

Dura Mater

A

Thick outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord and is considered to be the toughest part of the meninges

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38
Q

Effector Cell

A

A cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse

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39
Q

Efferent

A

Direction terms meaning away from some reference point

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40
Q

Efferent Nerve

A

Nerve that Carrie’s impulses away from the CNS

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41
Q

Enzyme

A
  1. Specialized globular protein that carries out or speeds up chemical reactions in the body by acting as a catalyst and lowering the temp necessary for the reaction to take place
  2. Specific enzyme are exclusive to specific reactions
  3. They are never changes or used up in a reaction that may affect
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42
Q

Epidural Anesthesia

A

Admin of anesthetic agents into the space between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae

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43
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters that cause excitation or depolarization of other neurons or target tissues

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44
Q

Fenestrations

A

Small openings in the walls of glomerular capillaries that allow certain molecules to leave that would normally be too big to escape

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45
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves in the cerebral cortex

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46
Q

GABA

A
  1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid

2. Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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47
Q

Ganglion/Ganglia

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

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48
Q

General Anesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensory perception accompanied by loss of consciousness

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49
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons

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50
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord

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51
Q

Gray Matter

A

Part of the CNS made up of neuron cell bodies

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52
Q

Gyrus/Gyri

A

Folds that provide the wrinkles appearance of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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53
Q

Hypermetria

A

A condition in which voluntary movements become jerky and exaggerated

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54
Q

Hyperreflexive

A

Reflex response that is more pronounced than normal

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55
Q

Hyporeflexive

A

Reflex response that is less pronounced than normal

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56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of the diencephalon that has extensive links to the brain and pituitary gland and functions as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems

57
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters that depress or decrease depolarization of other neurons or target tissues

58
Q

Interneuron

A

A short neuron that connects two other neurons, and is usually mentioned in the context of the reflex arc

59
Q

Ipsilateral Reflex

A

When the reflex stimulus and response are on the same side of the body

60
Q

Ivermectin

A

Antiparasitic drug that works by interfering with parasites’ nervous and muscular systems functioning, which paralyzes and kills them

61
Q

Lobe

A

Different divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that specialize in certain functions and are separated by sulci

62
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation from a localized area of the body

63
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

64
Q

Medulla Oblingata

A

Part of the brainstem just above the spinal cord

65
Q

Meninges

A
  1. Set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord
  2. Has three layers (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
66
Q

Midbrain

A

“Mesencephalon”

67
Q

Mixed Nerve

A

Nerve made up of both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers

68
Q

Motor Nerve

A

Nerve that carries efferent nerve impulses to muscles and tissues

69
Q

Motor Neuron

A

A neuron carrying impulses from the CNS to a peripheral effector organ or muscle

70
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A

A type of Cholinergic receptor that binds with acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system

71
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Sensory organ located within muscle that detects stretch of the muscle

72
Q

Myelin

A
  1. Fatty substance that covers some axons of neurons
  2. Appears white
  3. Makes up “white matter” of the brain and spinal cord
73
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Cell membrane of glial cells wrapped around an axon that increases the speed of impulse conduction along the axon

74
Q

Myelography

A

Contrast study of the subarachnoid space to better visualize the outline of the spinal cord

75
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

Wave of cell membrane depolarization that travels from the point of stimulus down the length of a nerve cell process

76
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released be the presynaptic neuron that diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, and stimulates or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron.

77
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A

Type of Cholinergic receptor that binds with acetylcholine

78
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin gaps in the covering of the axon between Schwann cells that are involved in rapid conduction of nerve impulses along the axon

79
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland under stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system that produces the fight-or-flight response

80
Q

Nuceli

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

81
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells in the brain and spinal cord whose cell membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the CNS

82
Q

Palpebral Reflex

A

Reflex closure of the eyelids when the medial canthus of the eyelids is touched

83
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  1. Part of autonomic nervous system that’s responsible for rest-and-restore response
  2. “Craniosacral system”
84
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves outside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

85
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer of the meninges

86
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Master endocrine gland
  2. Pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain that is made up of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
  3. Anterior pituitary gland produces seven known hormones
  4. Posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones from the hypothalamus
87
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem located just rostral to the medulla oblongata

88
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A
  1. The second of two neurons that make up the nerves of the autonomic nervous system
  2. Originates from a ganglion and carries the impulse from its target organ or tissue
89
Q

Postsynaptic Neurom

A

Neuron that contains receptors to a neurotransmitter, that causes depolarization or inhibition of depolarization of the neuron when the neurotransmitter binds

90
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

The first of two neurons that make up the nerves of the autonomic nervous system

91
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

The neuron that is stimulated by the depolarization wave to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse

92
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR)

A

Reflex in which light is shone into one eye and the pupils in both eyes constrict

93
Q

Receptor

A

A specialized protein to which neurotransmitters bind

94
Q

Reflex

A

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus, intended to protect the body and maintain homeostasis

95
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Composed of the sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neurons, and target tissue or organ involved with a stimulus and reflex response

96
Q

Refractory Period

A

Period in the depolarization-repolarization cycle when the neuron cannot be stimulated to depolarize (absolute refractory period) or can only be depolarized with a greater than normal stimulation (relative refractory period)

97
Q

Repolarization

A

The process following depolarization wherein potassium ions diffuse rapidly out of the neuron

98
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

The electric charge of some cells at rest, caused by differing concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell membrane

99
Q

Resting State

A
  1. State of the neuron before stimulation

2. When more sodium ions are outside the cell membrane than inside, and more potassium ions are inside the cell

100
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Skipping the depolarization wave in a myelinated axon from one node of Ranvier to another

101
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Glial cells associated with peripheral nerves whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the PNS

102
Q

Sodium-potassium Pump

A

Active transport molecule that moves sodium molecules out of the neuron and potassium molecules into the neuron to maintain the resting state

103
Q

Soma

A
  1. Cell body of a neuron

2. “Perikaryon”

104
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  1. Conscious or voluntary nervous system controlling skeletal muscle
  2. Somatic motor function = efferent
  3. Somatic sensory function = afferent
105
Q

Somatic Reflex

A

A reflex resulting in the stimulation or inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction

106
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Reflex initiated by stretch receptors within a muscle that results in contraction of the muscle to compensate for stretching

107
Q

Sulcus/Sulci

A

Shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex

108
Q

Sympathetic Ganglion Chain

A

Series of ganglia located outside the thoracolumbar area of the spinal column and associated with the sympathetic nervous system

109
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  1. Part of the autonomic nervous system
  2. Responsible for fight-or-flight response
  3. “Thoracolumbar system”
110
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

111
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Physical gap between two communicating neurons or between a neuron and its target cell

112
Q

Synaptic End Bulb

A
  1. Button at the end of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter
  2. “Synaptic knob,” “Terminal Bouton”
113
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Continuation of the nerve impulse across the synapse from one neuron to another or from one neuron to its target cell

114
Q

Synergist

A
  1. Something that aids in the action of something else

2. A synergistic muscle contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action

115
Q

Target

A

An organ or tissue that responds to a particular hormone

116
Q

Telodendron

A

Branched end of an axon in which each branch ends in a neurotransmitter-filled synaptic end bulb

117
Q

Terminal Bouton

A

Button at the end of an axon that releases neurotransmitters

118
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the cerebrum

119
Q

Thoracolumbar System

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
120
Q

Threshold

A

Required level of stimulation necessary to initiate an action potential

121
Q

Threshold Stimulus

A

Minimum stimulus that will generate a nerve impulse

122
Q

Ventral Horn

A

Area of the spinal cord’s gray matter “butterfly” where the neurons that transmit efferent nerve impulses to the spinal nerves are located

123
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

Branch off each side of the spinal cord between each pair of adjacent vertebrae that conducts motor impulses from the spinal cord to effectors in the periphery of the body

124
Q

Wave of Depolarization

A
  1. The opening of sodium channels, starting at the point of stimulus and continuing down the length of the neuron to the end of the axon
  2. “Nerve impulse”
125
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons in the CNS

126
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A
  1. Reflex arc in which a painful stimulus in the skin causes contraction of the affected limb
  2. “Flexor reflex”
127
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A
  1. “Olfactory”
  2. Sensory
  3. Aids in smell
128
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A
  1. “Optic”
  2. Sensory
  3. Aids in vision
129
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A
  1. “Oculomotor”
  2. Motor
  3. Aids in eye movement, pupil size, focusing lens
130
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A
  1. “Trochlear”
  2. Motor
  3. Aids in eye movement
131
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A
  1. “Trigeminal”
  2. Sensory & motor
  3. Aids in sensations from head and teeth, chewing
132
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A
  1. “Abducent”
  2. Motor
  3. Aids in eye movement
133
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A
  1. “Facial”
  2. Sensory & motor
  3. Aids in face and scalp movement, salivation, tears, and taste
134
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A
  1. “Vestibulocochlear”
  2. Sensory
  3. Aids in balance and hearing
135
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A
  1. “Glossopharyngeal”
  2. Sensory & motor
  3. Aids in tongue movement, swallowing, salivation, taste
136
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A
  1. “Vagus”
  2. Sensory & motor
  3. Aids in sensory from GI tract and respiratory tree
  4. Aids in motor to larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic system
  5. Aids in motor to abdominal and thoracic organs
137
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A
  1. “Accessory”
  2. Motor
  3. Aids in head movement, accessory motor with vagus
138
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A
  1. “Hypoglossal”
  2. Motor
  3. Aids in tongue movement

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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