Skeletal System Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
- Head and trunk of vertebrate
- Central axis of human skeleton
- Supports the upright position and protects internal organs
- Skull, vertebrate, rib cage and sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- Portion of the skeleton of vertebrates made up of bones that support appendages
- Limbs
- Aid in the movement of the body
- Pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles
Bones in Axial
80
Bones in Appendicular
126
Bones in human body
206
Functions of Skeletal System
Support and protection, body movement, produces blood cells, storage of minerals and fats
5 Classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
Epiphysis
End
Diaphysis
Shaft
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, padding
Periosteum
Membrane that covers entire bone
Medullary Cavity
Hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
2 Functions of red/yellow bone marrow
Red marrow- blood
Yellow marrow- fat
Compact bone tissue
Wall of diaphysis
Spongy bone tissue
Cancellous, epiphysis- rad marrow
Synovial joint- Pivot joint
- Vertebrae in neck area
- Rounded portion of bone enclosed within ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament
Synovial joint- Hinge joint
- Elbow
- The convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone
Synovial joint- Saddle joint
- Thumb
- Both of the articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape, which is concave in one direction and convex in the other
Synovial joint- Ball and Socket joint
- Hip
- The rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone
Synovial joint- Condyloid joint
- Wrist
- The shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone or bones
Synovial joint- Plane joint
- Between tarsals
- The articulating surfaces of the bones are flat or slightly curved and of approximately the same size, which allows the bones to slide against each other
Flexion/extension
- Movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs.
- In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint), while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint. For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension
- ex of flexion: seat kicks
- ex of extension: straightening your arm
Adduction/abduction/circumduction
- Adduction:(condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints), moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body
- Abduction: condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints), brings the limb toward the body or across the midline
- Circumduction: (biaxial condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket), movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
Rotation
- Can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint
- Medial (internal) rotation: movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
- Lateral (external) rotation: rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
Supination/pronation
- Pronation: the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position.
- Supination: the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint
- dorsiflexion: lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is
- plantar flexion: lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is
Inversion/eversion
- Inversion: the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
- Eversion: turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline
Protraction/retraction
- Anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible
- Protraction of the scapula: occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball
- Retraction: the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column
- For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin, while retraction pulls the lower jaw backward
Depression/elevation
- Downward and upward movements of the scapula or mandible
- Protraction
- Elevation: the upward movement of the scapula and shoulder
- Depression: a downward movement
Opposition/reposition
- Opposition: the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
- Reposition: Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called
Bones In Cranium
22 individual bones, 21 of which are immobile and united into a single unit
Only movable bone in your skull
Mandible (lower jaw)
Five vertebral regions (from superior to inferior)
- Seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
- Twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
- One sacrum
- One coccyx
How many vertebrae are in cervical?
7
How many vertebrae are in thoracic?
12
How many vertebrae are in lumbar?
5
Scoliosis
An abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column, cause unknown
Kyphosis
Also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region. This can develop when osteoporosis causes weakening and erosion of the anterior portions of the upper thoracic vertebrae, resulting in their gradual collapse
Lordosis
Also known as swayback, is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy
What does the thoracic cage protect?
The heart and lungs
Costal cartilage
The bony ribs do not extend anteriorly completely around to the sternum. Instead, each rib ends in a costal cartilage. These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches. Most ribs are then attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage
Three types of ribs, and how many of each?
- Ribs 1-7 are true ribs
- Ribs 8-12 are false ribs
- Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs
Main Bones of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Humerus
Upper arm
Radius
Outer part of forearm in anatomical position
Ulna
Inner part of forearm in anatomical position
Carpals
Wrist bone
Metacarpals
Back of the hand, above the carpals
Phalanges
Fingers
Femur
Also called thighbone, located on upper bone of the leg
Tibia
Lower leg bone (on the inside)
Fibula
Lower leg bone (on the outside)
Tarsals
Foot bone
Metatarsals
Forefoot, above tarsals
8 types of fractures
Closed, open, transverse, spiral, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, oblique
