Skeletal System Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Consists of the braincase and the backbone and ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Compromised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder gridle and pelvis.
Axial Bones
Made up of 80 bones. Main bones are the Skull, vertebrate, rib cage, and sternum
Appendicular Bones
Made up of 126 bones. Main bones are the pectoral gridle, arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles
Total bones in the human body
206
Long Bone
Leverage
Short Bone
Provides stability, support, while allowing for some motion
Flat Bone
Point of attachments for muscles; protectors of internal organs
Irregular Bones
Protects internal organs
Sesamoid Bones
Protects tendons from compressive forces
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Diaphysis
Shafts of the bone
Articular Cartilage
White smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones in joints
Periosteum
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surface of the joints
Medullary Cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow/ yellow bone marrow is stored
Red Bone Marrow
Stores energy
Yellow Bone Marrow
Stores fat
Compact Bone Tissue
Main structure in the body for support, protection, and movement
Spongy Bone Tissuehttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/10430066/cards/quick_new_card
Stores bone marrow
Flexion/Extension
Brings the limb toward the body or across the body or limbs
Abduction/Adduction/Circumduction
Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body. Adduction Brings the limb toward the body or across the midline. Circumduction is movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
Rotation
can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.
Supination/Pronation
Supination is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position. Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position.
Dorsiflexion/ Plantar Flexion
Movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint. Dorsiflexion is upward, Plantar is downward.
Inversion/ Eversion
Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline, while eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.
Protraction/ Retraction
Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball. Retraction is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.
Depression/ Elevation
The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression. These movements are used to shrug your shoulders.
Opposition/ Reposition
Opposition is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger. Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition.
Pivot Joint (vertebrae in neck area)
At a pivot joint, a rounded portion of a bone is enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament.
Hinge Joint (elbow)
In a hinge joint, the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone.
Saddle Joint (thumb)
At a saddle joint, both of the articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape, which is concave in one direction and convex in the other.
Ball and Socket Joint (hip)
The joint with the greatest range of motion is the ball-and-socket joint. At these joints, the rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone.
Condyloid Joint (wrist)
At a condyloid joint (ellipsoid joint), the shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone or bones.
Plane Joint (between tarsals)
At a plane joint (gliding joint), the articulating surfaces of the bones are flat or slightly curved and of approximately the same size, which allows the bones to slide against each other.
How many bones are in the cranium?
22 individual bones
What is the only moveable bone in your skull?
Mandible (lower jaw)
5 Vertebral Regions
seven cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae, four small coccygeal vertebrae.
How many vertebrae are in the cervical?
7
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic?
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar?
5
Scoliosis
An abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column.
Kyphosis
An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region.
Lordosis
An excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy.
What does the thoracic cage protect?
The heart and lungs
Costal cartilage
These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches.
Three types of ribs
True ribs (7), False ribs (4), Floating ribs (2)
Scapula
lies on the posterior aspect of the shoulder
Clavicle
articulates with the humerus (arm bone) to form the shoulder joint
Pectoral Gridle
Is anchored to the axial skeleton by a single, highly mobile joint.
Humerus
The humerus is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
Radius
It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.
Ulna
A long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm
Carpals
Are the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm
Metacarpals
Form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm
Phalanges
Are digital bones in the hands and feet
Femur
Is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates
Tibia
Is the larger, stronger, and anterior of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates, and it connects the knee with the ankle bones
Fibula
Is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below
Tarsals
Is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below
Metatarsals
A group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes
Closed fracture
A broken bone that does not penetrate the skin
Open fracture
A fracture in which there is an open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone
Transverse fracture
Occurs when a bone has broken perpendicular to its the length
Spiral fracture
Is a bone fracture occurring when torque is applied along the axis of a bone
Comminuted fracture
A breakage of the bone into more than two fragments
Impacted fracture
Occurs when the broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury
Greenstick fracture
A crack or break on one side of a long bone in the arm or leg that does not extend all the way through the bone
Oblique fracture
A partial or complete break in a bone
