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A&P > Skeletal Sys. > Flashcards

Skeletal Sys. Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A
  1. Structure, support, movement
  2. Protection
  3. Hemopoiesis- blood cell produc. By bone marrow
  4. Mineral storage and calcium homeostasis
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2
Q

Flat bones

A

Broad surfaces

Ribs, scapulae, some skull bones

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3
Q

Irregular bones

A

Various shapes

Facial, vertebrae

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4
Q

Sesamoid

A

Small, flat, and located inside tendons

Patella

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Small, cube-shaped

Carpals, tarsals

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6
Q

Long bones

A

Long with expanded ends

Humerus, femur, phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals

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7
Q

Fx. Of bone features

A

Attachment sights for muscles, passageways for nerves, and articulation sites with other bones

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

CT layer covering bones, protection and growth

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9
Q

Compact bone

A

Very dense, strength and support

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10
Q

Spongy bone

A

Trabeculae- scaffolding, provides support and allows for storage of bone marrow which LIGHTENS overall bone

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11
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone tissue, matrix with collagen fibers (flexibility), calcium phosphate to deposit (strength)

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone matrix

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells trapped inside hardened matrix

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14
Q

Central canal

A

Haversian canals, blood and nerves to pass up and down length of bone

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15
Q

Perforating canals

A

Volkman canals, exterior to internal passing of blood and nerves (lateral movement)

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16
Q

Lacunae, lacuna (singular)

A

House mature bone cells (osteocytes)

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tunnels, look like legs of spider, connect osteocytes in lacunae

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18
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of Osteon

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19
Q

Ossification

A

Turning cartilage into bone

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20
Q

Periosteum 2 layers

A

Exterior coating,

  1. Fibrous- outermost
  2. Cellular- osteoclasts and osteoblasts live here
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21
Q

Epiphyseal plates (children) or lines (adults)

A

Growth, connects diaphysial and epiphysis

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22
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage, nasal cartilages, costal cartilages, ends of long bones

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Shock absorbing, intervertebral disks, menisci of the knee, and the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Diaphysis (shaft)

A

Marrow/ medullary cavity- red marrow, as we age —> yellow marrow (fat)
Endosteum- cellular layer lining marrow cavity (growth)

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25
Q

Epiphysis (ends, club-y)

A

Articular cartilage- hyaline, durability, and site of growth (ossification), responds to stress

Red marrow- hemopoletic tissus (blood cells and platelets)

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26
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones during early uterus stages

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27
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. CT membranes form
  2. Some cells become- Osteoblasts (to make bone)
  3. Spongy bone (center, primary)
  4. Osteoblasts form layer of compact bone on top of spongy bone
28
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

All other bones (non-flat)

29
Q

Steps to endochondral ossification

A
  1. Bones preformed in hyaline cartilage model
  2. Primary ossification center forms in center of cartilage
  3. Osteoblasts form a compact bone collar around primary ossification center
  4. Cartilage in primary center calcifies, cells die
  5. Blood and nerves penetrate center, bringing osteoblasts
  6. Osteoblasts form spongy bone @ primary ossification center
30
Q

Endochondral growth (bone growth)

A

Length, occurs into epiphyseal plates become the line

31
Q

Appositional growth (bone growth)

A

Makes bone wider, massive, occurs alone lines of stress

32
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Entire length of life, in response to stress, dependent on nutrition

33
Q

Bone repair

A

Upon trauma,

  1. Cartilage callus laid down to provide immediate stabilization
  2. Woven (temp., disorganized) bone replaces that
  3. Lamellar bone (stronger)
  4. Bone remodeling
34
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone, bone production —> osteoblasts

35
Q

Parathyroid (PTH)

A

Bone reabsorption, osteoclasts

36
Q

Arch of foot

A

Held in place by ligaments

37
Q

Joints/articulations

A

Junctions between bones, classified by anatomy and phys.

38
Q

Fibrous

A

Sutures, syndesmoses (interosseos membranes), gomphoses (teeth)

39
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Synchondroses, epiphyseal plates, ribs (sternum costal cartilages)

40
Q

Synarthotic and amphiarthrotic

A

No movement,
Or little movement (slightly)

Fibrous and cartilaginous joints

41
Q

Diarthrotic

A

Freely moveable, synovial joints

42
Q

Bursae

A

Extension of synovial joint, found in areas of friction, pockets of fluid

43
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Holds joint together

44
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Membrane lines inside of joint capsule (except at articulation site), synovial fluid- lubricating and nourishing (needed for joint health)

45
Q

Sprain

A

Damage to ligament

46
Q

Synovial joint —> the knee

A

5 ligaments,

  1. and 2. the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
  2. and 4. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  3. The patellar ligament
47
Q

Menisci

A

Fibrocartilage pads, shock absorbers, and stability

48
Q

Ball and socket - the shoulder

A

Rotator cuff muscles and ligaments,
Glenoid labrum- fibrocartilage rim around glenoid cavity
Joint capsule- tendon of biceps brachii passes through

49
Q

Rule of thumb on sockets

A

Increased mobility = decreased stability

50
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Head, neck and trunk

Supports and protects

51
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower limbs, girdles (shoulder and pelvic)

52
Q

Cranium

A

8 bones

53
Q

Facial

A

14 bones

54
Q

Vomer

A

Part of nasal septum (ethnoid, vomer, and cartilage (hyaline))

55
Q

Cheek bone

A

Temporal and zygomatic

56
Q

Ethmoid

A

Crystal gali- sharks fin
Cribiform plate- holes

*anchors meninges

57
Q

Superior and middle nasal concha location and function

A

Ethmoid

Bumps that swirl air as we inhale

58
Q

Sella turcica location and function

A

Sphenoid

Houses pituitary gland

59
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Vampire teeth, held in by muscles, high in throat, rigging to control neck and throat

*if damaged, sign of significant trauma

60
Q

Cervical

A

Neck to shoulders, 7, C1- Atlas, C2- Axis

61
Q

Thoracic

A

12

62
Q

Lumbar

A

5
Sacrum- anchors vertebral column (spinal cord)
Coccyx

63
Q

C shaped spine

A

Baby

64
Q

Curves

A

Lordosis(cervical) , kyphosis (thoracic) , lordosis (lumbar)

65
Q

Sternum (3 parts)

A

Manubrium, body, xyphoid

66
Q

Ribs (12)

A

1-7: true ribs, has own cartilage
8-12: False ribs, merges cartilage with above ribs
11, 12: Floating ribs, don’t attach anteriorly

A&P (6 decks)

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