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Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Serous membranes

A

Double layered lining with fluid-filled space between

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2
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Lining covering organs

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3
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Lining adhered to cavity wall 3 main types

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

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5
Q

Pleura

A

Lungs

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6
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominopelvic
Retroperitoneal
Mesenteries

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal body environment

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8
Q

Set point

A

Ideal normal value

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9
Q

Normal range

A

Allows for some fluctuation

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10
Q

Receptors

A

Organs

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11
Q

Control center

A

Brain

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12
Q

Effectors

A

Produces response, muscles and glands

Back to normal range, goal: set point

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

Brings changes back to set point (within normal range)
Most common type of feedback

Blood sugar level and hormone insulin example,
Shivering and sweating examples

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Drives changes further from set point, further out of normal range
Less common type

Pregnancy contractions example

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15
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substances that compose matter

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16
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit that determines behavior, goal to be stable

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17
Q

Protons

A

Positive, in nucleus

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18
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral, in the nucleus

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19
Q

Electrons

A

Negative

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20
Q

Isotopes

A

Varying number of neutrons

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21
Q

Electrolytes (ions)

A

When in water conducts electricity

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22
Q

Protons and electrons are equal

A

Electrically neutral

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23
Q

Ionic bond

A

One atom gives/ loses, one gains/adds

Becomes more POS. Becomes more NEG.

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24
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons

ARE MAJORITY of bonds in the body

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25
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds, (weak), the hydrogen electrons slights more, partial charges

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26
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

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27
Q

K+

A

Potassium

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28
Q

Ca++

A

Calcium

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29
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

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30
Q

HCO3

A

Bicarbonate

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31
Q

H+

32
Q

OH-

33
Q

Water’s vital functions of the body

A
  1. It allows for ions in solution
  2. Lubricant
  3. AIDS in chemical reactions
  4. Transportation
  5. Temp. Regulation
34
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lysis when cell ruptures

35
Q

Hypertonic

A

Crenation (flat)

36
Q

Buffers

A

Resist acidic and alkaline

37
Q

7 ph

38
Q

0-6

39
Q

8-14

40
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Chains of Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

41
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

42
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars,

Glucose (major fuel for cells)

43
Q

Concentration gradient

A

High conc. want to move low conc. (To be equal)

44
Q

WATER CONC. GRADIENT

A

Likes to move from low to high conc.

45
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreisler cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
46
Q

Glycolysis

A

Dependent on glucose, 2 ATP, no O2, in the cytoplasm

47
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondria, O2 present

48
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Mitochondria, total 34 ATP

49
Q

Centrioles

A

Set of Microtubules, perpendicular
Centrosome, area of cytoplasm containing centrioles,
Send out spindle fibers during cell division

50
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Extension of the nuclear membrane,
Smooth: no ribosomes, lipid and carb synthesis
Rough: Ribosomes present, attached to surface, protein synthesis

51
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis, free (in cytoplasm), fixed (on rough ER), composed of protein and RNA
Transcription - mRNA
Translation - tRNA

52
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins into final product, into vesicles

53
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP (energy source) synthesis

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

54
Q

Vesicles

A

Storage and transport
Lysosomes- break down BACTERIA
Peroxisomes- break down TOXINS
Secretory vesicles- store synthesized products

55
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures that move materials across cell surface

56
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail-like structures that allow for cell motility (SPERM)

57
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol- clear fluid containing nutrients,
Organelles- constrains functional units of the cell
Cytoskeleton- framework that helps maintain structures, allows for cellular movement and movement or organelles within the cell

58
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

High in proteins, High in potassium

Inside cell

59
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

High in sodium, outside of cell

60
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA, control center, Nucleolus- RNA and proteins, creates ribosomes

61
Q

Chromatin

A

Inside nucleus, long, thin

62
Q

Chromosomes

A

Cell division, 46,

63
Q

Chromatid

A

Match copy of DNA

64
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Pores that allows mRNA to leave and go to ribosome to create new proteins

65
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells in body except sex cells (MITOSIS)

66
Q

Cell membrane

A

Movement in and out, selectively permeable: based on size, electrical charges, and transport proteins Semipermeable: based on size only

LIPID bilayer

67
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Head, loves water, towards ECF,

68
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hates water, tail, towards ICF

69
Q

Cell membrane proteins

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Receptor- chemicals that tell cell what to do attach
  3. Transport- use of Lipid bilayer, channels: open, ligand-gated, voltage, pumps
  4. Enzymes
  5. Markers
70
Q

Lipids

A

Fats (triglycerides)- energy, protection
Phospholipids- cell structure
Steroids- hormones

71
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids, folding process because structure of protein determines function

72
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA,
C-G
T-A

RNA
C-G
T-U

73
Q

ATP

A

Energy source of the human body

74
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the human body

75
Q

Speed can be increased by

A
  1. Increasing conc. Of reactants
  2. Adding heat
  3. Using catalysts (lower the activation energy)
76
Q

Passive

A

No energy required
Diffusion- concentration gradients
Facilitated diffusion- proteins must be present
Osmosis- Different amounts of pressure that water creates affecting movement of water, Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic

77
Q

Active

A

Energy required,
Active transport- move against concentration gradient
Endocytosis- into the cell, pinocytosis, phagocytosis
Exocytosis- out of the cell via vesicles

A&P (6 decks)

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