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Human anatomy and physiology > Skeletal muscle anatomy > Flashcards

Skeletal muscle anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A
  • tough connective tissue layer that encloses muscle fibres within a fascicle
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2
Q

Fascicles

A
  • bundle of muscle fibres enclosed by fascia within a skeletal muscle
  • surrounded by connective tissue layer (perimysium)
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3
Q

Muscle fibres

A
  • within fascia
  • surrounded by connective tissue layer (endomysium)
  • contains sarcoplasm (cell cytoplasm)
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4
Q

Sarcolemma

A
  • muscle fibre plasma membrane
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5
Q

Sarcoplasm

A
  • muscle fibre cytoplasm
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Mitochondria characteristic in a muscle fibre

A
  • muscle cell contains many mitochondria
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8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Releases & stores Ca2+

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9
Q

Transverse tubules

A
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10
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • responsible for muscle contraction
  • made up of 3 kinds of protein; contractile, regulatory, & structural
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11
Q

Myofilaments

A
  • protein that makes up myofibrils
  • arranged in sarcomeres
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12
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • contains actin & myosin (contraction)
  • arranged along myofibril bordered by z-lines
  • tiny units inside muscle fibers that make muscle contract
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13
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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14
Q

Why does a muscle fibre need multiple nuclei

A
  • too big for one nucleus
  • each nucleus controls specific region
  • function; protein synthesis, repair
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15
Q

How do muscle fibers become long?

A

myoblasts fuse together into one long cell during embryonic development

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16
Q

When do muscle fibers become elongated?

A

During embryonic development

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17
Q

The 3 proteins that make up myofibril

A
  1. Contractile - generate contraction force (pulls), (actin & myosin)
  2. Regulatory - start & stop (controls) contraction (troponin & tropomyosin)
  3. Structural - contractile protein alignment & stability (Z-Line, M-Line & Titan filament)
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18
Q

Why is protein arrangement important in myofibril

A
  • allows actin & myosin interact efficiently
  • sarcomere pattern makes muscle strong
  • without layout contraction = weak
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19
Q

What creates muscle contraction?

A
  • actin & myosin (proteins inside sarcomere) sliding past each other
  • nerve signal; calcium release; actin unlocked; myosin pulls with ATP = contraction
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20
Q

Myo, mys, sarco refer to

A

muscle

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Myofibrils extend the

A

entire length of cell

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23
Q

Z line

A

where actin filaments are anchored

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24
Q

M line

A

where myosin filaments are anchored

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25
Q

I band

A

contains only actin filaments

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26
Q

A band

A

length of myosin filament

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27
Q

H zone

A

contains only myosin filaments

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28
Q

MHAZI

A

M line is inside the H zone, inside the A band, while the Z line is inside the I band

29
Q

Myofilament arrangement is responsible for

A

branded/striated appearance of skeletal muscle

30
Q

Thick filaments

A
  • long, rope-like
  • main protein: myosin
  • myosin - tail; heavy polypeptide chain
  • myosin - head; lighter polypeptide chain
31
Q

Thin filaments

A
  • twisted strands, double helix
  • main proteins: actin, tropomyosin, troponin
  • actin; polymer of globular subunits with attachment sites
  • tropomyosin & troponin; regulatory subunits bound to actin
32
Q

four factors that determine type of movement accompanied by a muscle

A
  1. orientation of the muscle
  2. action of other muscles
  3. type of joint
  4. muscle tension
33
Q

Orientation of the muscle

A
  • origin (anchor) & insertion (movement)
  • muscle anchored to bone & movement of insertion determines movement
34
Q

How action of other muscles determine movement

A
  • muscles work together, one contracts (agonist) & other relaxes to allow movement (antagonist)
35
Q

responsible for action while antagonist stretches & yields

36
Q

order of organization in muscle tissue

A

filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle

37
Q

thin & thick filaments are organized into functional units called

A

sarcomeres

38
Q

cell membrane of muscle fibre

A

sarcolemma

39
Q

rectus abdomen’s

A

rectus; “erect”, straight
abdominus; abdomen

40
Q

direction of muscle fibers

A

rectus - straight, parallel to midlinewha

41
Q

gluteus maximus

A

gluteus; location, butt
maximus; size (largest)

42
Q

Deltoid

A

shape; triangular

43
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline

44
Q

adduction

A

movement toward midline

45
Q

circumduction

A

distal end of bone moves in circles

46
Q

flexion

A

decrease joint angle

47
Q

extension

A

increases joint angle

48
Q

rotation

A

movement around longitudinal axis

49
Q

supination

A

palm of hand turns upward

50
Q

pronation

A

palm of hand turns downward

51
Q

eversion

A

foot moves away from midline

52
Q

inversion

A

foot moves toward midline

53
Q

plantar flexion

A

foot extends at ankle

54
Q

dorsiflexion

A

foot flexes at ankle

55
Q

protraction

A

bone moves horizontally towards the front

56
Q

retractions

A

bone moves horizontally towards the back

57
Q

elevation

A

bone moves upward

58
Q

depression

A

bone moves downward

59
Q

ligaments

A
  • fibrous connective tissue, attaches bone to bone
60
Q

Tendon

A
  • attaches muscle to bone
61
Q

myofilament ____ filament

62
Q

myosin ____ filament

63
Q

anchors actin myofilaments in sarcomere

64
Q

Thick & thin filaments are organized into functional units called

A

sarcomeres

65
Q

the cell membrane of a muscle fibre is called

A

sarcolemma

66
Q

which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body

67
Q

movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called

68
Q

the angle between bones is decreased during

69
Q

which term describes the muscle that moves the leg away from the body

Human anatomy and physiology (16 decks)

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