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Physiology > Skeletal muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Skeletal
  3. Smooth
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2
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there in the human body

A

650 - 840

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3
Q

What is the primary functions of skeletal muscles

A

To enable humans to move and perform daily activities

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4
Q

Name structures of the muscle (7)

A
  • Perimysium
  • Blood vessel
  • Muscle fibre
  • Fasicle
  • Endomysium
  • Epimysium
  • Tendon
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5
Q

What are Sacromeres

A
  • Functional unit of the muscle which runs parallel to the fibre
  • Also a storage site for calcium
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6
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins called

A
  • Actin
  • Myosin
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7
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

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8
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

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9
Q

The crossbridge cycle process (6 steps)

A
  • While relaxed myosin cannot interact with actin due to the presence of tropomyosin
  • Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal called an action potential
  • A muscle is stimulated and calcium ions released
  • CA2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments
  • Which exposes actin binding sites
  • Myosin heads then from a cross-bridge with actin within the muscle cell that is broken by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • ATP hydrolysis causes the myosin heads to change orientation, causing them to bind to the actin filament
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10
Q

The sliding fillament theory

A
  • The sliding of actin along myosin shortens the sarcomere causing a muscle to contract
  • The nerve impulses to the to the muscle stop and calcium ions are removed by the reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • The troponin-tropomyosin complex prevents interaction of actin and myosin
  • Actin and myosin return to their unbound state, and the muscle relaxes
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11
Q

What is electrical stimulation of muscles used for

A
  • ACL injuries
  • Elderly
  • Disabled
  • Those with movement restrictions
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibres

A
  1. Type 1 = Slow oxidative
  2. Type 2a = Fast oxidative
  3. Type 2x = Fast glycolytic
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13
Q

Characteristics of Type 1 (slow oxidative) muscle fibres

A
  • Red
  • Small
  • Large volume of myoglobin
  • High levels of mitochondria
  • High resistant to fatigue
  • Slow and sustained contractions
  • Low force of contraction
  • High capillary density
  • Low glycolytic capacity
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14
Q

Characteristics of Type 2a (fast oxidative) muscle fibres

A
  • Moderate/fast contraction speed
  • Medium size
  • Fairly high resistance to fatigue
  • Medium force production
  • High mitochondrial density
  • High oxidative capacity
  • High glycolytic capacity
  • Manufacture ATP
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15
Q

Characteristics of Type 2x (fast glycoytic) muscle fibres

A
  • White
  • Low levels of myoglobin
  • Low levels of mitochondria
  • Low resistance to fatigue
  • Fast contraction speed
  • Large motor neuron
  • Low capillary density
  • High oxidative capacity
  • High glycolytic capacity
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16
Q

Which muscle fibre is used during a long distance running race

A

Type 1 (slow oxidative)

17
Q

Which muscle fibre is used during a 100m sprint

A

Type 2x (fast glycolytic)

18
Q

What are the 5 types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Concentric
  3. Eccentric
  4. Isometric
  5. Isokinetic
19
Q

Isotonic

A

A muscle contraction where the tension remains the same length of the muscle changes

20
Q

Concentric

A

An isotonic contraction where the muscle SHORTENS

21
Q

Eccentric

A

An isotonic contraction where the muscle LENGTHENS

22
Q

Isometric

A

A muscular contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change

23
Q

Isokinetic

A

A muscle contraction where the speed of movement remains constant, but the tension varies

24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in size of individual muscle fibres

25
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of muscle fibres

26
Q

What factors are responsible for muscle hypertrophy

A
  • Mechanical tension
  • Muscle damage
  • Metabolic stress
27
Q

What cause muscle growth to occur

A
  1. Increased actin, myosin, and other contractile proteins
  2. Increased number and size of myofibrils per muscle fibre
  3. Increased connective, tendinous and ligamentous tissues
  4. Increased quantity of enzymes and stored nutrients
28
Q

Endurance training effect on muscle types

A

Enhances oxidative capacity and metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle through
- Increased oxygen utilisation due to improved mitochondrial function
- Increased oxygen delivery due to capillarisation

29
Q

Strength training effect on muscle types

A

Physiology (7 decks)

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