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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 entry and exit routes

A
  1. Superior and inferior cava
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Pulmonary vein
  4. Aorta
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2
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart from the head, neck, arms, and chest (superior) and the legs, feet and organs in the abdomen and pelvis (inferior)

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3
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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4
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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5
Q

Aorta

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the body for respiration to occur

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6
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left atrium
  4. Left ventricle
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7
Q

Right atrium

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the vena cava

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8
Q

Right ventricle

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the right atrium and is forced up the pulmonary artery to the lungs

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9
Q

Left atrium

A

Oxygenated blood enters form the pulmonary veins

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10
Q

Left ventricle

A

Oxygenated blood enters from the left atrium and is forced up the aorta to the body

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11
Q

Pathway of blood

A
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12
Q

How does the heart stop the backflow of blood

A

Valves

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13
Q

4 key valves

A

1.Tricuspid valves
2. Bicuspid valves
3. Aortic valves
4. Pulmonary valves

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14
Q

Atrio-ventricular valves

A
  • Tricuspid valves
  • Bicuspid valves
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15
Q

What causes the heart valves to open and shut

A

Pressure exerted on valves

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16
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the heart

A

1.Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

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17
Q

Epicardium

A

Serves as lubricative outer covering

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18
Q

Myocardium

A

Provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

Serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves

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20
Q

Contraction of the myocardium

A

Cardiac or myocardial muscle

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21
Q

What does the myocardium thickness vary in size

A

Depending on the amount of stress put on a specific part of the heart

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22
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Requirements of the left ventricle to pump blood to the systemic circulation

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23
Q

Electrical activity of the heart

A

Myocardial cells are unique as they can spontaneously depolarise and conduct electrical signals in specific directions throughout the heart

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24
Q

Intrinsic control of electrical activity

A

Cardiac conduction system

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25
4 key components of the cardiac conduction system
- SAN - AVN - Bundle of HIS - Purkinjie fibres
26
Sinoatrial node (SAN)
Pacemaker of the heart
27
Atrioventricular node (AVN)
Between the atrium and ventricle that receive impulse from SAN
28
AV bundle of HIS
Located in the septum of the heart and receives impulse from AVN to the fibres
29
Purkinjie fibres
Receive impulse from bundle of HIS and start contraction of the heart
30
Extrinsic control of the heart
- Parasympathetic - Sympathetic - Endocrine
31
Parasympathetic nervous system
medulla oblongata | Vagus nerve | impulses via parasympathetic nervous system | Acetylocholine | Decrease HR
32
Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic stimulation increases the rate of depolarisation of the SA node as well as conduction speed and thus heart rate
33
Hormones released from the adrenal gland
- Catecholamines - Epinephrine (adrenalin) - Norepinephrine
34
The cardiac cycle
Includes all the mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat
35
Diastolic
The chambers of the heart fill with blood
36
Systolic
The ventricles contract and expel blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
37
Stages 1-8 in Wiggers diagram of the heartbeating
1. Atrial contraction begins 2. Atria ejects blood into ventricles 3. Atrial systole ends – AV valves close 4. Isovolunmetric ventricular contraction 5. Ventricular ejection occurs 6. Semilunar valves close 7. Involuntary contraction occurs 8. AV valves open – passive
38
Heart rate definition
Beats per minute
39
Stroke volume definition
Volume of blood pumped from the ventricles per beat
40
What happens to SV during exercise
Increases
41
Factors affecting SV
- Venous return - Filing time - Autonomic intervention - Hormones - Vasodilation or vasoconstriction
42
Cardiac output definition
Amount of blood your heart pumps each minute
43
The Flick equation
VO2 = Q x (a - v) O2 diff
44
5 basic blood vessels
1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins
45
Arteries
46
Arterioles
47
Capillaries
48
Venules
49
Veins
50
What 3 layers do blood vessel have
1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa (adventitia)
51
Tunica intima
52
Tunica media
Middle
53
Tunica externa
54
Atherosclerosis
55
Intrinsic blood vessel control
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
56
Extrinsic blood vessel control
Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
57
Muscular pump
An active pump from skeletal muscles squeezing blood in the veins to assist venous return
58
What are the 3 functions of primary importance to exercise and sport
1. Transportation 2. Temperature regulation 3. pH balance
59
What is blood made up of
1. Plasma 2. White blood cells and platelets 3. Red blood cells
60
Erythrocytes
A type of blood cell that is made up of bone marrow and found in the blood
61
Blood viscosity
Refers to the thickness of blood
62
Distribution of blood during exercise
Rest = even - brain constant Exercise = important organs get more blood flow than non-important

Physiology (7 decks)

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