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Physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 entry and exit routes

A
  1. Superior and inferior cava
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Pulmonary vein
  4. Aorta
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2
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood into the heart from the head, neck, arms, and chest (superior) and the legs, feet and organs in the abdomen and pelvis (inferior)

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3
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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4
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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5
Q

Aorta

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the body for respiration to occur

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6
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Left atrium
  4. Left ventricle
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7
Q

Right atrium

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the vena cava

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8
Q

Right ventricle

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the right atrium and is forced up the pulmonary artery to the lungs

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9
Q

Left atrium

A

Oxygenated blood enters form the pulmonary veins

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10
Q

Left ventricle

A

Oxygenated blood enters from the left atrium and is forced up the aorta to the body

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11
Q

Pathway of blood

A
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12
Q

How does the heart stop the backflow of blood

A

Valves

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13
Q

4 key valves

A

1.Tricuspid valves
2. Bicuspid valves
3. Aortic valves
4. Pulmonary valves

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14
Q

Atrio-ventricular valves

A
  • Tricuspid valves
  • Bicuspid valves
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15
Q

What causes the heart valves to open and shut

A

Pressure exerted on valves

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16
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the heart

A

1.Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

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17
Q

Epicardium

A

Serves as lubricative outer covering

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18
Q

Myocardium

A

Provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

Serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves

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20
Q

Contraction of the myocardium

A

Cardiac or myocardial muscle

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21
Q

What does the myocardium thickness vary in size

A

Depending on the amount of stress put on a specific part of the heart

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22
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Requirements of the left ventricle to pump blood to the systemic circulation

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23
Q

Electrical activity of the heart

A

Myocardial cells are unique as they can spontaneously depolarise and conduct electrical signals in specific directions throughout the heart

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24
Q

Intrinsic control of electrical activity

A

Cardiac conduction system

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25
Q

4 key components of the cardiac conduction system

A
  • SAN
  • AVN
  • Bundle of HIS
  • Purkinjie fibres
26
Q

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

Pacemaker of the heart

27
Q

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

Between the atrium and ventricle that receive impulse from SAN

28
Q

AV bundle of HIS

A

Located in the septum of the heart and receives impulse from AVN to the fibres

29
Q

Purkinjie fibres

A

Receive impulse from bundle of HIS and start contraction of the heart

30
Q

Extrinsic control of the heart

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
  • Endocrine
31
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

medulla oblongata
|
Vagus nerve
|
impulses via parasympathetic nervous system
|
Acetylocholine
|
Decrease HR

32
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic stimulation increases the rate of depolarisation of the SA node as well as conduction speed and thus heart rate

33
Q

Hormones released from the adrenal gland

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Epinephrine (adrenalin)
  • Norepinephrine
34
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

Includes all the mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat

35
Q

Diastolic

A

The chambers of the heart fill with blood

36
Q

Systolic

A

The ventricles contract and expel blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

37
Q

Stages 1-8 in Wiggers diagram of the heartbeating

A
  1. Atrial contraction begins
  2. Atria ejects blood into ventricles
  3. Atrial systole ends – AV valves close
  4. Isovolunmetric ventricular contraction
  5. Ventricular ejection occurs
  6. Semilunar valves close
  7. Involuntary contraction occurs
  8. AV valves open – passive
38
Q

Heart rate definition

A

Beats per minute

39
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

Volume of blood pumped from the ventricles per beat

40
Q

What happens to SV during exercise

A

Increases

41
Q

Factors affecting SV

A
  • Venous return
  • Filing time
  • Autonomic intervention
  • Hormones
  • Vasodilation or vasoconstriction
42
Q

Cardiac output definition

A

Amount of blood your heart pumps each minute

43
Q

The Flick equation

A

VO2 = Q x (a - v) O2 diff

44
Q

5 basic blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
45
Q

Arteries

A
46
Q

Arterioles

A
47
Q

Capillaries

A
48
Q

Venules

A
49
Q

Veins

A
50
Q

What 3 layers do blood vessel have

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa (adventitia)
51
Q

Tunica intima

A
52
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle

53
Q

Tunica externa

A
54
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
55
Q

Intrinsic blood vessel control

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

56
Q

Extrinsic blood vessel control

A

Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

57
Q

Muscular pump

A

An active pump from skeletal muscles squeezing blood in the veins to assist venous return

58
Q

What are the 3 functions of primary importance to exercise and sport

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Temperature regulation
  3. pH balance
59
Q

What is blood made up of

A
  1. Plasma
  2. White blood cells and platelets
  3. Red blood cells
60
Q

Erythrocytes

A

A type of blood cell that is made up of bone marrow and found in the blood

61
Q

Blood viscosity

A

Refers to the thickness of blood

62
Q

Distribution of blood during exercise

A

Rest = even - brain constant
Exercise = important organs get more blood flow than non-important

Physiology (7 decks)

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