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Physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Provides oxygen to the blood
  • Eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood
  • Regulates the bloods hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in coordination with the kidneys
  • Forms speech sounds
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2
Q

What are the 2 cavities

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominal cavity
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3
Q

Which lung is bigger and why

A

Right
As the heart is on the left side so the left lung has to be smaller

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4
Q

What muscle separates the cavities

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

The structure of the respiratory tract

A
  • Nose/mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchous
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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6
Q

Structures of the alveoli

A
  • One cell thick
  • Vast amounts of capillaries
  • Mosit walls
  • Smooth muscle
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7
Q

Conducting zone

A
  • Zones 0-16
  • All the structures that air must pass through to reach the lungs
  • Provides a low resistance pathway for airflow
  • i.e. nose to terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

Respiratory zone

A
  • Zones 17-23
  • Site of gas exchange, the alveoli
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9
Q

What is the role of cilia and the goblet cells within the respiratory epithelium?

A

Cilia and goblet cells work together to protect the respiratory tract from harmful substances and maintain its proper function

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10
Q

What is mucociliary clearance?

A

Mucociliary clearance is a vital defense mechanism of the respiratory system that helps to maintain the cleanliness and health of the airways

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11
Q

Why is the structure of the respiratory zone so important?

A

The structure of the respiratory zone is critically important because it is where the actual exchange of gases occurs between the air and the bloodstream

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12
Q

Ventilation definition

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs in the process of breathing

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13
Q

Gas exchange definition

A

The supply of oxygen to the body tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body tissues (occurs in the alveoli through diffusion)

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14
Q

Ventilation equation

A

F = ∆P/R

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15
Q

Flow equation

A

F = (Palv – Patm) / R

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16
Q

Boyle’s law

A

If volume increases, then the pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held consistent

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17
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

The difference between the inside and outside of the lung

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18
Q

Transpulmonary pressure equation

A

Ptp = Palv - Pip

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19
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

At rest is a balance between the tendency of the lung to collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to expand

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20
Q

Inspiration pressure changes

A
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21
Q

Inspiration

A

Inspiration is the process of inhaling air into the lungs

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22
Q

Sequence of inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
|
Muscles between the ribs contract
|
The rib cage to expand
|
Increase in volume of the thoracic cavity
|
Creates lower pressure inside the lungs compared
to the atmospheric pressure
|
Air to flow into the lungs to fill

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23
Q

Expiration

A

Expiration refers to the process of exhaling air out of the lungs during breathing

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24
Q

Sequence of expiration

A

The diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs relax.
|
As a result, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
|
Decrease in volume increases the pressure within the lungs
|
Air to be pushed out of the lungs through the airways and out of the body.

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25
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Is the process of air moving into and out of the lungs

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26
Q

Pulmonary diffusion

A

Gas exchange in the lungs between the alveoli and the capillary blood

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27
Q

Pulmonary diffusion occurs across the respiratory membrane which is composed of:

A
  • The alveolar wall
  • The capillary walls
  • Their respective basement membranes
28
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

Movement of oxygen or carbon dioxide from region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

29
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Dalton’s Law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases in a container is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture

30
Q

Percentage of oxygen in ambient air

A

20.93%

31
Q

Percentage of carbon dioxide in ambient air

A

0.04%

32
Q

Percentage of nitrogen in ambient air

A

78.63%

33
Q

FEO2 stand for

A

Fraction of expired oxygen

34
Q

FECO2 stand for

A

Fraction of expired carbon dioxide

35
Q

RER stand for

A

Respiratory exchange ratio

36
Q

VE stand for

A

Minute Ventilation

37
Q

VO2 stand for

A

Volume of Oxygen

38
Q

VCO2 stand for

A

Volume of Carbon dioxide

39
Q

What is the graph called that shows volume of air

A

Spirometer Trace

40
Q

Which lung volumes are static

A
  1. Tidal volume
  2. Residual volume
  3. Inspiratory reserve volume
  4. Expiratory reserve volume
41
Q

Which lung volumes are dynamic

A
  1. Forced vital capacity
  2. Forced expiratory volume
42
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single breath

43
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Additional volume of air that can be maximally inhaled during forced inspiration

44
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Additional volume of air that can be maximally exhaled from the lungs during forced expiration

45
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale forcefully and completely after taking a deep breath

46
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

Volume of air forcibly exhaled from the lungs during a specific time interval

47
Q

Residual lung volume (RV)

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation

48
Q

Total lung capacity (TC)

A

Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after taking the deepest possible breath

TC = RV/VC

49
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Total volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one minute

50
Q

Minute ventilation equation

A

TV x Frequency (breathing)

51
Q

Anatomical dead space (VD)

A

Air remaining in the conducting zone (no gas exchange)

52
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Air left in the alveoli die to little or no blood supply

53
Q

Transport of oxygen in the blood

A

Through haemoglobin - becomes oxyhaemoglobin

54
Q

Haemoglobin definiton

A

The iron containing globular protein pigment carried within the red blood cells of humans

55
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve

A
  • S shaped curve
56
Q

Bohr effect

A

S shaped curve shifts to the right due to the increase in demand for oxygen

57
Q

3 factors affect the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. PCO2
58
Q

Significance of the Bohr effect

A

Increase in skeletal muscle activity= increase PCO2 causes a decrease on local blood pH

59
Q

What is the carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood

A

4 oxygen molecules
1g of haemoglobin = 1.34ml O2

60
Q

Blood oxygen at rest

A

98% to 99% saturated

61
Q

Blood oxygen at exercise

A

The contact time is reduced, reducing the binding time of haemoglobin to oxygen, decreasing the saturation of oxygen

62
Q

Carbon dioxide in the blood in 3 forms

A
  1. Bicarbonate ions
  2. Dissolved in plasma
  3. Haemoglobin
63
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Important component of the bicarbonate buffer system, a key mechanism for maintaining the pH balance in the body

64
Q

Control of breathing

A

Inspiratory muscles rhythmically contract and relax to alternately fill the lungs with air and empty them

65
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Control breathing rate

66
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

The 2 key baroreceptors are located at the carotid sinuses at the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch

67
Q

Gas cascade

A

Partial pressure of gases changes as they travel around the body

Physiology (7 decks)

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