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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Provides oxygen to the blood
  • Eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood
  • Regulates the bloods hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in coordination with the kidneys
  • Forms speech sounds
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2
Q

What are the 2 cavities

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominal cavity
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3
Q

Which lung is bigger and why

A

Right
As the heart is on the left side so the left lung has to be smaller

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4
Q

What muscle separates the cavities

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

The structure of the respiratory tract

A
  • Nose/mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchous
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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6
Q

Structures of the alveoli

A
  • One cell thick
  • Vast amounts of capillaries
  • Mosit walls
  • Smooth muscle
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7
Q

Conducting zone

A
  • Zones 0-16
  • All the structures that air must pass through to reach the lungs
  • Provides a low resistance pathway for airflow
  • i.e. nose to terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

Respiratory zone

A
  • Zones 17-23
  • Site of gas exchange, the alveoli
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9
Q

What is the role of cilia and the goblet cells within the respiratory epithelium?

A

Cilia and goblet cells work together to protect the respiratory tract from harmful substances and maintain its proper function

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10
Q

What is mucociliary clearance?

A

Mucociliary clearance is a vital defense mechanism of the respiratory system that helps to maintain the cleanliness and health of the airways

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11
Q

Why is the structure of the respiratory zone so important?

A

The structure of the respiratory zone is critically important because it is where the actual exchange of gases occurs between the air and the bloodstream

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12
Q

Ventilation definition

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs in the process of breathing

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13
Q

Gas exchange definition

A

The supply of oxygen to the body tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body tissues (occurs in the alveoli through diffusion)

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14
Q

Ventilation equation

A

F = ∆P/R

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15
Q

Flow equation

A

F = (Palv – Patm) / R

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16
Q

Boyle’s law

A

If volume increases, then the pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held consistent

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17
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

The difference between the inside and outside of the lung

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18
Q

Transpulmonary pressure equation

A

Ptp = Palv - Pip

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19
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

At rest is a balance between the tendency of the lung to collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to expand

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20
Q

Inspiration pressure changes

A
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21
Q

Inspiration

A

Inspiration is the process of inhaling air into the lungs

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22
Q

Sequence of inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
|
Muscles between the ribs contract
|
The rib cage to expand
|
Increase in volume of the thoracic cavity
|
Creates lower pressure inside the lungs compared
to the atmospheric pressure
|
Air to flow into the lungs to fill

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23
Q

Expiration

A

Expiration refers to the process of exhaling air out of the lungs during breathing

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24
Q

Sequence of expiration

A

The diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs relax.
|
As a result, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
|
Decrease in volume increases the pressure within the lungs
|
Air to be pushed out of the lungs through the airways and out of the body.

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25
Pulmonary ventilation
Is the process of air moving into and out of the lungs
26
Pulmonary diffusion
Gas exchange in the lungs between the alveoli and the capillary blood
27
Pulmonary diffusion occurs across the respiratory membrane which is composed of:
- The alveolar wall - The capillary walls - Their respective basement membranes
28
Gaseous exchange
Movement of oxygen or carbon dioxide from region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
29
Dalton's law
Dalton's Law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases in a container is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture
30
Percentage of oxygen in ambient air
20.93%
31
Percentage of carbon dioxide in ambient air
0.04%
32
Percentage of nitrogen in ambient air
78.63%
33
FEO2 stand for
Fraction of expired oxygen
34
FECO2 stand for
Fraction of expired carbon dioxide
35
RER stand for
Respiratory exchange ratio
36
VE stand for
Minute Ventilation
37
VO2 stand for
Volume of Oxygen
38
VCO2 stand for
Volume of Carbon dioxide
39
What is the graph called that shows volume of air
Spirometer Trace
40
Which lung volumes are static
1. Tidal volume 2. Residual volume 3. Inspiratory reserve volume 4. Expiratory reserve volume
41
Which lung volumes are dynamic
1. Forced vital capacity 2. Forced expiratory volume
42
Tidal volume (TV)
Volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single breath
43
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Additional volume of air that can be maximally inhaled during forced inspiration
44
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Additional volume of air that can be maximally exhaled from the lungs during forced expiration
45
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale forcefully and completely after taking a deep breath
46
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
Volume of air forcibly exhaled from the lungs during a specific time interval
47
Residual lung volume (RV)
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation
48
Total lung capacity (TC)
Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after taking the deepest possible breath TC = RV/VC
49
Minute ventilation
Total volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one minute
50
Minute ventilation equation
TV x Frequency (breathing)
51
Anatomical dead space (VD)
Air remaining in the conducting zone (no gas exchange)
52
Alveolar dead space
Air left in the alveoli die to little or no blood supply
53
Transport of oxygen in the blood
Through haemoglobin - becomes oxyhaemoglobin
54
Haemoglobin definiton
The iron containing globular protein pigment carried within the red blood cells of humans
55
Oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve
- S shaped curve
56
Bohr effect
S shaped curve shifts to the right due to the increase in demand for oxygen
57
3 factors affect the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve
1. Temperature 2. pH 3. PCO2
58
Significance of the Bohr effect
Increase in skeletal muscle activity = increase PCO2 causes a decrease on local blood pH
59
What is the carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood
4 oxygen molecules 1g of haemoglobin = 1.34ml O2
60
Blood oxygen at rest
98% to 99% saturated
61
Blood oxygen at exercise
The contact time is reduced, reducing the binding time of haemoglobin to oxygen, decreasing the saturation of oxygen
62
Carbon dioxide in the blood in 3 forms
1. Bicarbonate ions 2. Dissolved in plasma 3. Haemoglobin
63
Bicarbonate ions
Important component of the bicarbonate buffer system, a key mechanism for maintaining the pH balance in the body
64
Control of breathing
Inspiratory muscles rhythmically contract and relax to alternately fill the lungs with air and empty them 
65
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Control breathing rate
66
Baroreceptor reflex
The 2 key baroreceptors are located at the carotid sinuses at the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch
67
Gas cascade
Partial pressure of gases changes as they travel around the body

Physiology (7 decks)

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