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Physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the nervous system important

A
  • Wired communication
  • Short term regulation
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2
Q

Nervous system definition

A

The nervous system is a complex network of nerve cells and fibres which transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system (3)

A
  • To sense changes internal and external to the body
  • To process this sensory information
  • To initiate a response
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5
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of. the nervous systems

A
  • Neurons (nerve cell)
  • Glial cells
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6
Q

Glial cells

A
  • 90% nervous system cells
  • Support neurons
  • Various types of support
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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • Voluntary nervous system
  • Provides information from the periphery to the CNS along afferent sensory nerves, and responses travel directly to skeletal muscles along effector motor nerves
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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Involuntary nervous system
  • Containing sensory and motor components, the ANS sends information from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands a 2 neuron efferent pathway
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10
Q

2 functional subdivisions of PNS

A
  • Sensory or effernet are nerves carrying information towards the CNS
  • Motor or efferent division are nerves carrying information away from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibres
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11
Q

Physiological structures of the motor and sensory communication at the spinal cord

A
  • Dorsal ganglion
  • Ventral horn
  • Cell body of sensory neurone
  • Cell body of motor neurone
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12
Q

Functions of the Motor and sensory communication at the spinal cord

A
  • To skeletal muscle
  • To brain
  • Sensory information
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13
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
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14
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A
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15
Q

Action potential definition

A

Is a rapid and substantial depolarisation of the neurone’s membrane

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16
Q

Values of action potential

A

Lasting typically 1ms, the potential changes from the RMP of about –70mV to a value of about +30mV and the rapidly returns to its resting value

17
Q

How does depolarisation and repolarisation occur (5 steps)

A
  1. Resting membrane potential, maintained by sodium-potassium pumps
  2. Depolarisation - Na+ channels open and Na+ moves into the cell, depolarising it
  3. Repolarisation - K+ moves out of the cell
  4. Hyperpolarisation - Additional K+ moves out of the cell, hyperpolarising it
  5. Cells return to resting membrane potential
18
Q

Depolarisation theshold

A
  • To achieve an action potential the membrane voltage must be greater than the depolarisation threshold
  • Any depolarisation below this threshold will not result in an action potential (graded potential)
19
Q

2 types of Refractory period

A
  • Absolute refractory period
  • Relative refractory period
20
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

When a segment of an axon’s sodium gates is open and in the process of generating an action potential, it is unable to respond to another stimulus

21
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Sodium gates are closed; potassium gates are open; causes repolarisation

22
Q

Myelination

A

The axons of many neurones, particularly large neurones, are myelinated, meaning they’re covered with a sheath formed by myelin

23
Q

Myelin

A

Is a fatty substance that insulates the cell membrane

24
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Are gaps between each myelin sheath which leave the axon uninsulated

25
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

A much faster type of conduction than occurs in unmyelinated fibres

26
Q

Nerve structure for a person with multiple sclerosis

A
  • Exposed fibre
  • Damaged myelin sheath
  • Wavey signal
27
Q

Axon diameter

A
28
Q

Synapse definition

A

The site of an action potential transmission from the axon terminals of one neurone to the dendrites of soma of another

29
Q

Neurotransmitter definition

A

They function to transmit neural signals across the synaptic cleft to the next neurone

30
Q

Movement from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic cell

A
  1. Action potential reaches axon terminal and depolarises membrane
  2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ flows in
  3. Ca2+ influx triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on target cells

Physiology (7 decks)

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