Endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine system definition

Answer 1

All tissues or glands that secrete hormones

Question 2

Homeostasis definition

Answer 2

Any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

Question 3

Why is homeostasis so important

Answer 3

• If homeostasis is successful, life continues
• If unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues

Question 4

Homeostasis feedback loop

Answer 4

To make sure the body maintains homeostasis the endocrine system uses feedback mechanisms, which are responses that trigger specific activities or processes

Question 5

Positive feedback loop

Answer 5

The product of a reaction enhances the reaction producing the product

Question 6

Negative feedback loop

Answer 6

The product of a reaction leads to down regulation of the reaction producing the product

Question 7

Hormones definition

Answer 7

Chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions and processes

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

Production of ADH

Question 9

Pineal gland

Answer 9

Melatonin

Question 10

Pituitary gland

Answer 10

Release of oxytocin and ADH

Question 11

Thyroid gland

Answer 11

Thyroxine

Question 12

How does the endocrine system work

Answer 12

Endocrine gland secretes the hormone into the bloodstream until it reaches the target cell due to having a specific receptor

Question 13

Hormone-receptor complex

Answer 13

The combination of a hormone and its bound receptor

Question 14

2 chemical classifications of hormones

Answer 14

• Steroid hormones
• Non-steroid hormones

Question 15

Steroid hormones

Answer 15

A chemical structure like cholesterol, meaning they are soluble in lipids, so they diffuse easily through cell membranes

• Reproductive hormones

Question 16

Non-steroid hormones

Answer 16

• Are not lipid soluble, so they cannot easily cross cell membranes
• Can be subdivided into 2 groups: protein or peptide hormones and amino acid-derived hormones

Question 17

What determines the level of activation

Answer 17

1. Hormone concentration
2. Number of target cell receptor sites
3. Hormone receptor sensitivity

Question 18

Hormone concentration

Answer 18

Depends on intensity/duration of initial stimulus

Question 19

Number of target cell receptor sites

Answer 19

Up/down regulated

Question 20

Hormone receptor sensitivity

Answer 20

Different tissues have a different number of receptors – not all equally sensitive to same hormone

Question 21

Up and down regulation

Answer 21

The number of receptors on target cells can be altered to increase or decrease that cells sensitivity to the hormone

Question 22

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 22

• Controlled by the hypothalamus
• 6 anterior pituitary hormones

Question 23

Thyroid gland

Answer 23

• 2 important non-steroid hormones which regulate metabolism in general
• Increase protein synthesis/increase cell size/promote rapid glucose uptake/enhance glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 24

Adrenal glands

Answer 24

• Epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Increases heart rate and force of contraction, metabolism, release of glucose, redistribution of blood

Question 25

Pancreas

Answer 25

Insulin and glucagon

Question 26

3 things blood glucose is affected by

Answer 26

• CHO consumption
• CHO metabolism
• Systemic release of glucose

Question 27

Hypoglycaemia

Question 28

Hyperglycaemia

Question 29

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

Question 30

Cortisol

Question 31

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 32

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Question 33

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)