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Biomechanics > Skeletal Considerations for Movement > Flashcards

Skeletal Considerations for Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A

Leverage
Support
Protection
Storage
Blood-cell formation

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2
Q

Morphology

A

Shape & structural arrangement of bones and characteristics of the articulations connecting the bones

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3
Q

How is bone size determined?

A

Bones increase in size from superior to inferior (proximal to distal) due to loads of forces

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4
Q

What is bone tissue made up of?

A

Minerals

Calcium, phosphate

Resist compression

Extracellular matrix

Type 1 Collagen

Resists tension and add flexibility

Water

Mostly collagen fibers

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5
Q

Osteocyte

A

Bone cell

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6
Q

Osteoblast

A

Builds bone

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7
Q

Osteoclast

A

Breaks down bone/reabsorbs

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8
Q

Architecture of Bone

A

Cortical Bone

Compact, very dense, outer layer

Cancellous (Trabecular) Bone

Spongy, finger-like, very porous, inner layer

Better at multidirectional stressors

Near end of bones

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9
Q

Epiphysial Plate (“Growth Plates”)

A

Cartilage turns into bony tissue growing up

Reason people recommend against weight training young

Primary growing end

Where most growth is occurring

Located toward elbow, Radius and Ulna toward wrist, tibia and fibula toward knee

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10
Q

Types of Loading

A

Compression (Pushing bones together)
Tension (Pulls bones apart)
Shear (Parallel force to surface of object)
Bending (Compression on one side, Tension on the other)
Torsional (Twisting force)

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11
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Reabsorption (Response to decreased stress; Osteoclasts)
Deposition (Response to increased stress - Weight bearing; Osteoblasts)

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12
Q

Relationship between Bones and Physical Activity

A

Bones require mechanical stress to grow and strengthen.

Loading -> Deposition -> Increased Density

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13
Q

Bone Tissue Characteristics (4)

A

Anisotropic: Directional specific loads determine weight
Viscoelastic: Rate of Loading
Elastic: Stretch and come back to normal
Plastic: Stretch and maintain shape of stretch

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14
Q

Stress

A

Force/Area

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15
Q

Strain

A

Change in Length/Angle

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16
Q

Stress - Strain Graph

A

Bone will remain elastic for until reaching the yield point. Past the yield point the bone is no longer elastic and become plastic. Eventually continuing to have high levels of stress (load) leads to fracture.

Stiffness = Change in stress/Change in strain
Strength = Failure point or load sustained before failure

Stress (Load)
Strain (Deformation)
-Elastic through 3% deformation

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17
Q

Types of Bones Elastic Periods

A

Ductile: Steep slope, Long elastic period
Brittle: No plastic region, steep slope
Bone: Elastic and Plastic region

18
Q

Where are bones strongest and why?

A

Bone is strongest in long axis compression due to Wolff’s Law; Bone response to forces put on it.

19
Q

Bone Anisotropy Effects on types of bones

A

Can handle most Stress
Compression
Tension
Shear
Can handle least stress

Shear and torsion almost same around cortical bone

Bones are extremely unique to every individual due to their loading history

20
Q

Viscoelastic Response

A

Behavior of bone is dependent on rate load is applied. The slower the load the earlier the fracture; The faster the load the later the fracture.

21
Q

Bone changes in childhood

A

Osgood-Schlatter’s disease

Inflammation, bony deposits, or avulsion fracture of tibial tuberosity

Muscle-bone strength imbalance

Rapid growth of femur and tibia places high strain on patellar tendon and tibial tuberosity

Overuse injury

Repetitive stress influence on skeletal structures

Little leaguer’s elbow

22
Q

Boney changes as an adult

A

Little length change

Most change in bone mineral density (peak in 30s)

Females: Hormonal Influence

Estrogen – maintain bone minerals (aging effect)

Link between amenorrhea and decreased estrogen – female triad

23
Q

Osteopenia

A

Reduced BMD, slightly elevated risk of fracture

24
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Severe BMD reduction, very high risk of fracture

25
Q

What can be done to stop bone loss with age?

A

Suggest activities with high intensity loads, low repetitions

Going to Failure is important

26
Q

Stress Fractures

A

Resorption weakens bone

Deposition occurs too slowly

Results from repetitive muscle forces stressing bone tissue

Any new intensity to the system causes osteoclasts to breakdown bone but later osteoblasts taken over

The third week of training, relax some as there is a larger imbalance of osteoclasts compared to osteoblasts

27
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

Muscle pulls on bone and breaks bone off with it

Happens to younger children

As one gets older you are more likely to tear tendon or muscle itself not bone

28
Q

Diarthrodial (Synovial) Joints

A

Articular cartilage
-Poor blood supply, nourished by synovial fluid
-Viscoelastic and responds to shear well

Capsule

Synovial membrane – lubrication
-Non-Newtonian Fluid
-Frictional characteristics change depending on speed of joint movement

Ligament
-Loading increases ligament strength and stiffness

29
Q

Diarthrodial Joints

Closed packed vs loose packed

A

Closed packed – maximum contact
-Stable
-Ligaments tense, greater injury potential

Loose packed – less contact
-Less friction
-Greatest volume
-Position of choice if effusion is present

Anatomical position is in closed pack position (except shoulder)

30
Q

Planes of Motion

A

Sagittal
Frontal (Coronal)
Transverse (Horizontal)
Oblique

31
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Rotational motion of one bone relative to another
-Flexion/Extension, Abduction/adduction, Internal/External

32
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Motions between surfaces within the joint
-Roll, slide, spin

Note: Mechanisms can change with change in fluid amounts

33
Q

Concave vs Convex

A

Concave (depression)
Convex (round)

34
Q

Convex-Concave Rule

A

When convex surface moves on concave, roll and slide occurring opposite directions
Knee: Tibia is concave, Femur is convex. Femur is moving during squatting – Convex (forward) moves on concave (backwards)
Osteo and Arthro in opposite directions
When concave surface moves on convex, roll and slide occur in the same direction. Ex: Knee extension
Osteo and Arthro in same direction

35
Q

A bone will exhibit residual strain when load is removed while the bone is in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve (True/False)

A

False, no that’s an example of plastic

36
Q

The epiphysis is primarily composed of what type of bone?

A

Cancellous Bone

37
Q

The structural organization of cortical bone allows for the greatest resistance to which type of loading?

A

Compression

38
Q

A tissue’s deformation in response to a sustained load will gradually increase over time. What term is used to describe this mechanical property?

A

Creep

39
Q

Frontal plane motion occurs about an axis running in which direction?

A

Longitudinal

40
Q

Glenohumeral joint flexion is an example of an arthrokinematic motion. (T/F)

A

False, that’s an example of osteokinematics

41
Q

What is Young’s Modulous? What does a steeper slope indicate?

A

Stress/Strain

The slope of the linear region of the stress-strain curve is steeper (i.e. higher Young’s modulus)

Biomechanics (20 decks)

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