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Biomechanics > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles involved - Initial Contact

A

Gluts, Quads, Hams, Tib Ant; HS to FF

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2
Q

Muscles involved - Loading Response

A

Gluts and Quads; FF to SLS

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3
Q

Muscles involved - Midstance

A

Quads, Gastroc/Soleus; SLS

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4
Q

Muscles involved - Terminal Stance

A

Gastroc/Soleus; SLS to DLS

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5
Q

Muscles involved - Preswing

A

Iliopsoas, Gastroc/Soleus, Rectus Femoris; DLS to TO

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6
Q

What is a rocker? What types of rockers are there?

A

Movement after initial contact.??????

Heel Rocker: initial to foot flat
Ankle Rocker: SLS?
Forefoot Rocker: Heel off to the end

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7
Q

Muscles Involved and stance - Initial Swing

A

Iliopsoas, Tib Ant, Rectus Femoris; Toe off to maximum knee flexion

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8
Q

Muscles involved and stance - Mid Swing

A

Iliopsoas and Tib Ant; max knee flexion to vertical tibial flexion

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9
Q

Muscles involved and stance - Terminal Swing

A

Gluts, Quads, Hams, Tib Ant; Vertical tib to HS

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10
Q

1st MTP and Toe off

A

Approximately 45° of extension is typical at toe off

Hallux rigidus can influence power at push off

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11
Q

Windlass Mechanism

A

Fascia on bottom of foot. When 1st MTP is flex on toe off leads to a lengthening of fasica makes it more rigid for purpolsion. Arch raises.

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12
Q

Knee Valgus is also known as

A

knee abduction

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13
Q

Knee Varus is also known as

A

knee adduction

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14
Q

Kinetic energy is related to ___. Potential energy is related to _____.

A

velocity; height

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15
Q

Stances of Run Phase

A

Initial Contact (A), Stand Right (G), Toe Off (G), Swing Right (A), Initial Contact (A) or Absorption and Generation

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16
Q

As you speed us with running:

A

Stance time decreases, increased swing time, decreased cycle time

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17
Q

Absorption Phase

A

Body COM falls from peak
Loss of PE and KE
Horizontal velocity decreases

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18
Q

Generational Phase

A

Center of mass is propelled upward and forward
Kinetic and potential energy increase

19
Q

Walking PE and KE

A

They are opposite

20
Q

Running PE and KE

A

Same

21
Q

Running remains relatively efficient through two primary mechanisms:

A

Elastic structures (Fascia, parallel and series muscle components)
Storage and later return of potential energy following stretch

Two joint muscles (later)
Transfer of energy between segments

22
Q

Elastic structures in running

A
  • during stance phase
  • more potential energy loss with repetitive exercises
  • 95% of lost system energy transferred to tendons for release in propulsion
23
Q

Stoarge of elastic energy

A
  • Early and Late phases they are very tight and result in very little movement; Change in length of muscle bellies is minimal
  • Lots of work in running is done by tendons

Storage facilities: (Commonly injured in runners)
Achilles Tendon (35%)
Arch of foot (17%)
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar tendon

24
Q

Why do we run?

A
  • Able to generate more force during eccentric (muscle lengthening)
  • Smaller metabolic cost associated with eccentic contractions
  • Economy! (at high speeds): Greater contribution of elastic components to movement during running than walking
    relative metabolic energy expended to meet task demands
25
Q

Running Muscle Activity

A

Tibialis Anterior - foot clearnce
Rectus Femoris - for hip clearance

26
Q

Loading Phase - summary

A
27
Q

Propulsion Phase - Summary

A
28
Q

Early Swing

A
29
Q

Late Swing

A
30
Q

Biarticular Muscles

A

Contribute to energy efficiency
* Transfer of energy between segments
* Absorb energy at one end, generate energy at the other end
– Simultaneous eccentric and concentric activity

Knee: Flexion of hip, extension of knee

Two joint muscles offer these possibilities to have con and ecc from one muscle functioning.

31
Q

Ex: Rectus Femoris - Propulsion Phase
Describe

A
32
Q

Gastroc and Soleus in stance of running

A

Most work is done by the soleus as it is a single joint muscle; Not dependent on knee flexion. Initially eccentric (loading) then goes into concentric (push off). Due to knee bending and tibia moving forward makes the gastroc not move when making contact with the ground.

33
Q

Forefoot vs Rearfoot landing positioning

A

Forefoot: Front 2/3rds of foot
Rearfoot: Rear 1/3rds of foot

34
Q

Landing patterns

A

Not more efficent to run as a rearfoot vs forefoot striker. Forefoot runner store more in achilles. Don’t teach people to completely change running styles.

35
Q

Is pronation when running bad?

A

Unknown. Neutral foot position is good; balance between too much/too little. Pronation assists in energy absorption.

36
Q

Gender Differences - Injuries

A

Neurological: Females activate quadriceps more than hamstrings compared to males.
Anatomical: ACL volume is smaller

37
Q

GD - Hip Sagittal

A

Hip sagittal plane angle - little difference
Females: Increased hip extension torque (Glute or Ham)
Females: Increased concentric phase of hip extensors

38
Q

GD - Hip Frontal

A
  • Increased adduction angle
  • Increased (con/ecc) muscular demands
39
Q

GD - Hip Transverse

A
  • Increased IR (likely related to motion at the knee; knee valgus)
  • Increased eccentric demands (absoprtion)
40
Q

GD - knee sagittal plane

A

Very small differences

41
Q

GD - Knee frontal plane

A
  • Increased abduction angle (valgus angle)
  • Small difference in moment/power
42
Q

GD - Knee Transverse Plane

A
  • Increased ER (Tibia ER while femur IR; knee valgus)
  • Small differences in moment/power
43
Q

GD: Summary

A

Females display
- Increase HIR and HADD
- Increased dependence on gluteals?
– Increased sagittal and frontal demands at hip
- Increase KER and KABD

Biomechanics (20 decks)

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