Gait Flashcards
Muscles involved - Initial Contact
Gluts, Quads, Hams, Tib Ant; HS to FF
Muscles involved - Loading Response
Gluts and Quads; FF to SLS
Muscles involved - Midstance
Quads, Gastroc/Soleus; SLS
Muscles involved - Terminal Stance
Gastroc/Soleus; SLS to DLS
Muscles involved - Preswing
Iliopsoas, Gastroc/Soleus, Rectus Femoris; DLS to TO
What is a rocker? What types of rockers are there?
Movement after initial contact.??????
Heel Rocker: initial to foot flat
Ankle Rocker: SLS?
Forefoot Rocker: Heel off to the end
Muscles Involved and stance - Initial Swing
Iliopsoas, Tib Ant, Rectus Femoris; Toe off to maximum knee flexion
Muscles involved and stance - Mid Swing
Iliopsoas and Tib Ant; max knee flexion to vertical tibial flexion
Muscles involved and stance - Terminal Swing
Gluts, Quads, Hams, Tib Ant; Vertical tib to HS
1st MTP and Toe off
Approximately 45° of extension is typical at toe off
Hallux rigidus can influence power at push off
Windlass Mechanism
Fascia on bottom of foot. When 1st MTP is flex on toe off leads to a lengthening of fasica makes it more rigid for purpolsion. Arch raises.
Knee Valgus is also known as
knee abduction
Knee Varus is also known as
knee adduction
Kinetic energy is related to ___. Potential energy is related to _____.
velocity; height
Stances of Run Phase
Initial Contact (A), Stand Right (G), Toe Off (G), Swing Right (A), Initial Contact (A) or Absorption and Generation
As you speed us with running:
Stance time decreases, increased swing time, decreased cycle time
Absorption Phase
Body COM falls from peak
Loss of PE and KE
Horizontal velocity decreases
Generational Phase
Center of mass is propelled upward and forward
Kinetic and potential energy increase
Walking PE and KE
They are opposite
Running PE and KE
Same
Running remains relatively efficient through two primary mechanisms:
Elastic structures (Fascia, parallel and series muscle components)
Storage and later return of potential energy following stretch
Two joint muscles (later)
Transfer of energy between segments
Elastic structures in running
- during stance phase
- more potential energy loss with repetitive exercises
- 95% of lost system energy transferred to tendons for release in propulsion
Stoarge of elastic energy
- Early and Late phases they are very tight and result in very little movement; Change in length of muscle bellies is minimal
- Lots of work in running is done by tendons
Storage facilities: (Commonly injured in runners)
Achilles Tendon (35%)
Arch of foot (17%)
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar tendon
Why do we run?
- Able to generate more force during eccentric (muscle lengthening)
- Smaller metabolic cost associated with eccentic contractions
- Economy! (at high speeds): Greater contribution of elastic components to movement during running than walking
relative metabolic energy expended to meet task demands
Running Muscle Activity
Tibialis Anterior - foot clearnce
Rectus Femoris - for hip clearance
Loading Phase - summary
Propulsion Phase - Summary
Early Swing
Late Swing
Biarticular Muscles
Contribute to energy efficiency
* Transfer of energy between segments
* Absorb energy at one end, generate energy at the other end
– Simultaneous eccentric and concentric activity
Knee: Flexion of hip, extension of knee
Two joint muscles offer these possibilities to have con and ecc from one muscle functioning.
Ex: Rectus Femoris - Propulsion Phase
Describe
Gastroc and Soleus in stance of running
Most work is done by the soleus as it is a single joint muscle; Not dependent on knee flexion. Initially eccentric (loading) then goes into concentric (push off). Due to knee bending and tibia moving forward makes the gastroc not move when making contact with the ground.
Forefoot vs Rearfoot landing positioning
Forefoot: Front 2/3rds of foot
Rearfoot: Rear 1/3rds of foot
Landing patterns
Not more efficent to run as a rearfoot vs forefoot striker. Forefoot runner store more in achilles. Don’t teach people to completely change running styles.
Is pronation when running bad?
Unknown. Neutral foot position is good; balance between too much/too little. Pronation assists in energy absorption.
Gender Differences - Injuries
Neurological: Females activate quadriceps more than hamstrings compared to males.
Anatomical: ACL volume is smaller
GD - Hip Sagittal
Hip sagittal plane angle - little difference
Females: Increased hip extension torque (Glute or Ham)
Females: Increased concentric phase of hip extensors
GD - Hip Frontal
- Increased adduction angle
- Increased (con/ecc) muscular demands
GD - Hip Transverse
- Increased IR (likely related to motion at the knee; knee valgus)
- Increased eccentric demands (absoprtion)
GD - knee sagittal plane
Very small differences
GD - Knee frontal plane
- Increased abduction angle (valgus angle)
- Small difference in moment/power
GD - Knee Transverse Plane
- Increased ER (Tibia ER while femur IR; knee valgus)
- Small differences in moment/power
GD: Summary
Females display
- Increase HIR and HADD
- Increased dependence on gluteals?
– Increased sagittal and frontal demands at hip
- Increase KER and KABD
